week 14

This week we are finishing chapter 6 on the skeletal system and starting chapter 7 on the muscular system.
Corrections to the exam are due on Tuesday, November 17th.
Besides the worksheets posted here which a the backbone to outlines of the chapter, we have several coloring sheets which will be handed out in class. I do not have electronic versions of these.
Also, we are learning the major skeletal muscles on p. 205 and 206.

worksheet 7D, due Monday, Nov. 23rd

Things that should be in your outline 7d (p198 – 203)

The energetics of muscular contraction

Muscles use lots of energy in the form of ATP
How much?
How much ATP is stored?
How do we make more?
Creatine
Creatine phosphate (CP)
How is ATP used to make CP?
How is CP used to make ATP?
This regulated by the enzyme __________________________.
How long can CP stores be used to make ATP?

ATP generation
Aerobic metabolism
Reactants and products
TCA, citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle
In mitochondria
Pyruvic acid
Resting skeletal muscles rely on ________________________for energy.
ATP generation in mitochondria is limited by ______________________.
Oxygen consumption can increase _______X but energy use may increase __________X
Anaerobic metabolism
Glycolosis –
In cytoplasm
ATP production is much lower than ______________________.
Can continue without ______________.
Glycogen – is a poly_______________ made of __________________.
Is stored in _____________________
Stored in the ____________________.
Energy use and level of skeletal activity
Resting skeletal muscle
Peak activity – use glycolysis
Which has drawbacks
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Lowers the pH à
Inefficient, produces only _________ ATP molecules

Muscle fatigue (define)
Caused by
Endurance athletes
Sprinters
The recovery period –
Lactic acid recycling
Uses oxygen to make _________________.
Oxygen debt
Liver cells
Sweat glands
Breathing rate
Heat loss
Blood flow

Muscle Performance
Force
Endurance
Two major factors that determine muscle performance
1.
2.
Fast-twitch fibers
· Size
· Tension
· Fatigue
Slow-twitch fibers
· Smaller
· Slower
· Endurance
· Three specialization
1. oxygen supply
2. oxygen storage
myoglobin
3. oxygen use – have more _______________
Distribution of muscle fibers and muscle performance
White muscle – made of

Red muscle

The percentage of fast and slow fibers is determined by __________________.

Physical Conditioning – training
Anaerobic endurance
Hypertrophy
Aerobic endurance
Carboload

See concept check question on 202



Cardiac muscle
Found only in the ______________
Intercalated discs
Gap junctions
All contract at the same time
Five important functional differences of cardiac muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Smooth muscle
Similar to cardiac __________________________________________________
Found in _________________________________________________________
Have structural and functional differences from cardiac and skeletal muscles

See concept check questions p. 203

worksheet 7C, due Thursday 11-19-09

Things that should be in your outline 7c (p194-198)

Muscle mechanics
Individual muscle cells are connected and tied together by connective tissue
Tension
Collagen fibers
Resistance
Resistance depends on –
Compression
Muscles can only –
The amount of tension depends on –

Tension produced by an individual muscle fiber depends on:
1.
2.
Tension produced by an entire skeletal muscle is determined by:
1.
2.

Frequency of muscle fiber stimulation
Twitch
Myogram
Latent period
msec
contraction phase
relaxation phase
see fig 7-6
summation
incomplete tetanus
complete tetanus
see fig 7-7
disease tetanus

The number of muscle fiber involved
Motor unit
See fig 7-8
Recruitment
Peak tension production occurs when

Muscle tone
Atrophy
Why is physical therapy important?

Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
What three things cause muscles to elongate?

worksheet 7B, due Wednesday 11-18-09

Things that should be in your outline 7b (p190-194)

Control of Muscle fiber contraction
Controlled by the __________ system
Neuromuscular junction
Motor neuron
Synaptic terminal
Acetlycholine
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
Motor end plate
Acetylcholinesterase
Action potential
4 steps in the function of the neuromuscular junction
1.
2.
3.
4.
This trigger the release of _____________ ions
Contraction cycle requires the mineral ____________
ADP
Phosphate
ATP
5 steps of the contraction cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Be able to answer concept check questions (193)

Rigor mortis

See table 7-1 for a summary of the steps involved in muscle contraction

worksheet 7A, due Monday, 11-16-09

Things that should be in your outline 7a (p185-190)

3 types of muscle
Skeletal muscles are made of –
How many skeletal muscles
5 functions of skeletal muscle
Sarkos
Mys

Gross anatomy
Epimysium
Perimysium
Fasicles
Endomysium
Tendon
How do tendons attach to bone?
Blood vessels
Nerves
Voluntary muscles

Microanatomy
Size of skeletal muscle cells
Multinucleate
Sarcolema
Transverse tubules
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Thin filaments
Thick filaments
Glycogen
Sarcomeres
Smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber
Z line
M line
A band
I band
Active site
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Myosin molecule
Sliding filament theory
Cross bridges
Concept check questions (190)

yoga posture assignment

Choose a yoga posture to teach to the rest of the class (a different one than you taught before).
Write instructions on how to do the yoga posture using at least 10 skeletal terms, 5 motion terms, from page 168-170, and 5 synovial joint function terms from page 171. We will work on this in class on Wednesday, finish them as homework and will teach them at a later date.

more skeletal flash cards, due Thursday the 5th.

Assignment:
make flash cards on the cranial bones, mandible, and maxillary bones, as well as the different movements of the skeleton on page 168, 169 adn 170.