worksheet 7D, due Monday, Nov. 23rd

Things that should be in your outline 7d (p198 – 203)

The energetics of muscular contraction

Muscles use lots of energy in the form of ATP
How much?
How much ATP is stored?
How do we make more?
Creatine
Creatine phosphate (CP)
How is ATP used to make CP?
How is CP used to make ATP?
This regulated by the enzyme __________________________.
How long can CP stores be used to make ATP?

ATP generation
Aerobic metabolism
Reactants and products
TCA, citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle
In mitochondria
Pyruvic acid
Resting skeletal muscles rely on ________________________for energy.
ATP generation in mitochondria is limited by ______________________.
Oxygen consumption can increase _______X but energy use may increase __________X
Anaerobic metabolism
Glycolosis –
In cytoplasm
ATP production is much lower than ______________________.
Can continue without ______________.
Glycogen – is a poly_______________ made of __________________.
Is stored in _____________________
Stored in the ____________________.
Energy use and level of skeletal activity
Resting skeletal muscle
Peak activity – use glycolysis
Which has drawbacks
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Lowers the pH à
Inefficient, produces only _________ ATP molecules

Muscle fatigue (define)
Caused by
Endurance athletes
Sprinters
The recovery period –
Lactic acid recycling
Uses oxygen to make _________________.
Oxygen debt
Liver cells
Sweat glands
Breathing rate
Heat loss
Blood flow

Muscle Performance
Force
Endurance
Two major factors that determine muscle performance
1.
2.
Fast-twitch fibers
· Size
· Tension
· Fatigue
Slow-twitch fibers
· Smaller
· Slower
· Endurance
· Three specialization
1. oxygen supply
2. oxygen storage
myoglobin
3. oxygen use – have more _______________
Distribution of muscle fibers and muscle performance
White muscle – made of

Red muscle

The percentage of fast and slow fibers is determined by __________________.

Physical Conditioning – training
Anaerobic endurance
Hypertrophy
Aerobic endurance
Carboload

See concept check question on 202



Cardiac muscle
Found only in the ______________
Intercalated discs
Gap junctions
All contract at the same time
Five important functional differences of cardiac muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Smooth muscle
Similar to cardiac __________________________________________________
Found in _________________________________________________________
Have structural and functional differences from cardiac and skeletal muscles

See concept check questions p. 203