Sunday, October 25, 2009
Learn Figure 6-2 in the text, page 137
This figure shows the macroscpoic structure of long bones. This figure will be on a quiz or exam. You will have to fill in the vocabulary words on the figure.
Worksheet 6C, due Monday, Nov. 2nd
Quiz over Outline 6c, p 157--175, Appendicular divisions and articulations
Answer all questions.
Pelvis Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
1. The appendicular skeleton made of what?
Upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
2. To what bone is the scapula attatched?
3. The ____________ articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, connecting the ______________ girdle to the thoracic cage.
Upper limb Answer 7 of the following 9 questions.
4. The upper limb begins with the ______________ bone at the proximal end, and ends with the _________________ at the distal end.
5. The _______________ is theforearm bone on lateral side when in anatomical position.
6. The ______________ is the forearm bone on medial side when in anatomical position.
7. The ______________consist of 8 bones that articulate with the radius, ulna, and the metacarpals.
8. The 4 p____________ carpals articulate with the radius and ulna.
9. The 4 d____________ carpals articulate with the metacarpals.
10. How many metacarpals are there in each hand?
11. How many phlanges are there in each hand?
12. The pollex only has ______ (how many) phlanges.
Pelvic Girdle Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
13. The pectoral girdle has bones that are part of the a_____________ skeleton as well as bones that are part of the _____________ skeleton.
14. The pelvis consists of two hip bones called the ____________, as well as the s_____________ and the c_____________ which are at the end of the spinal column.
15. Name 3 ways the male and female elvis differ.
Lower limb Answer 5 of the following 6 questions.
16. The pelvis articulates with the ____________ at the acetabulum, forming a ball and socket joint.
17. The ___________ is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.
18. The crural region, distal to the femur, is made up of two bones. The larger one is called the ___________ while the smaller one is called the ____________.
19. The tarsals articulate with the ______________ proximally and the ____________ distally.
20. There are 7 ____________ bones in the foot which include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuoid and 3 cuniform bones.
21. The metatarsals articulate with the ______________ and the _______________.
Articulations Answer 4 of the following 6 questions.
22. Define articulation.
23. Joint compromise the need for strength and the need for _________________.
24. Fiborous and cartilaginous joints are two types of _____________ tissue (hint: they connect or bind bones together)
25. Describe and give an example of a synarthrosis joint.
26. Describe and give an example of a amphiarthrosis joint.
27. Describe and give an example of a diarthrosis joint.
Synovial joins and movement. Answer 4 of the following 5 questions.
28. What is the difference between flexion, extension, and hyperextension?
29. What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
30. What is the difference between circumduction and rotation?
31. Describe one of the following special movements: inversion, dorsiflexion, opposition, protraction, or elevation.
32. Describe two of the following synovial joints and give example of where they occur.
Gliding joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ellipsoidal joint, saddle joint, or ball and socket joint
Answer all questions.
Pelvis Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
1. The appendicular skeleton made of what?
Upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
2. To what bone is the scapula attatched?
3. The ____________ articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, connecting the ______________ girdle to the thoracic cage.
Upper limb Answer 7 of the following 9 questions.
4. The upper limb begins with the ______________ bone at the proximal end, and ends with the _________________ at the distal end.
5. The _______________ is theforearm bone on lateral side when in anatomical position.
6. The ______________ is the forearm bone on medial side when in anatomical position.
7. The ______________consist of 8 bones that articulate with the radius, ulna, and the metacarpals.
8. The 4 p____________ carpals articulate with the radius and ulna.
9. The 4 d____________ carpals articulate with the metacarpals.
10. How many metacarpals are there in each hand?
11. How many phlanges are there in each hand?
12. The pollex only has ______ (how many) phlanges.
Pelvic Girdle Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
13. The pectoral girdle has bones that are part of the a_____________ skeleton as well as bones that are part of the _____________ skeleton.
14. The pelvis consists of two hip bones called the ____________, as well as the s_____________ and the c_____________ which are at the end of the spinal column.
15. Name 3 ways the male and female elvis differ.
Lower limb Answer 5 of the following 6 questions.
16. The pelvis articulates with the ____________ at the acetabulum, forming a ball and socket joint.
17. The ___________ is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.
18. The crural region, distal to the femur, is made up of two bones. The larger one is called the ___________ while the smaller one is called the ____________.
19. The tarsals articulate with the ______________ proximally and the ____________ distally.
20. There are 7 ____________ bones in the foot which include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuoid and 3 cuniform bones.
21. The metatarsals articulate with the ______________ and the _______________.
Articulations Answer 4 of the following 6 questions.
22. Define articulation.
23. Joint compromise the need for strength and the need for _________________.
24. Fiborous and cartilaginous joints are two types of _____________ tissue (hint: they connect or bind bones together)
25. Describe and give an example of a synarthrosis joint.
26. Describe and give an example of a amphiarthrosis joint.
27. Describe and give an example of a diarthrosis joint.
Synovial joins and movement. Answer 4 of the following 5 questions.
28. What is the difference between flexion, extension, and hyperextension?
29. What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
30. What is the difference between circumduction and rotation?
31. Describe one of the following special movements: inversion, dorsiflexion, opposition, protraction, or elevation.
32. Describe two of the following synovial joints and give example of where they occur.
Gliding joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ellipsoidal joint, saddle joint, or ball and socket joint
worksheet 6B, due Thursdaym, Oct. 29th
Quiz over Outline 6b, p 142-157, bone remodeling, homeostasis, aging, axial divisions.
Answer all questions.
Answer 4 of the following 6 questions about homeostasis.
1. Explain how the skeleton is used for homeostasis? (hint: there is a common mineral involved.)
2. What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
3. What roles do osteoblasts and osteoclasts have in remodeling bones?
4. What happens if bones are not stressed regularly?
5. How are hormones involved in homeostasis of calcium levels?
6. Why is homeostasis of calcium levels important?
Answer 3 of the following 4 questions about bone fractures and healing.
What two things are necessary for a fracture to heal?
What are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair?
3. How long does it typically take to heal a fractured bone?
4. Describe what a fracture hematoma is.
Answer 3 of the following 5 questions about bone markings and skeletal divisions.
Name and describe 3 different surface features of bones.
What is a foramen?
What is sinus?
How many separate bones are there in the adult human skeleton?
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Answer 6 of the following 9 questions about the skull.
The skull is made up of _________(how many) bones, _______ form the cranium and ______ are associated with the face. (answer with numbers)
Auditory occicles are associated with what sense organs?
The supraorbital foramen is superior to what sense organs?
Where are the parietal bones located?
What bones does the coronal suture connect?
What goes through the foramen magnum?
Why do we move the mandible?
Where is the maxillary bone?
How is the skull of infants different than that of an adult?
Answer 9 of the following 12 questions about the vertebral column.
The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones, 24 v___________, as well as the s__________ and the c_________.
How are the bones of the cervical region named?
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
How are the lumbar vertebrae different than the other vertebrae?
What is the role of the intervertebral discs and where are they located?
The sacrum is a single bone formed by the fusion of _______ __________ __________.
What is the difference between primary and secondary spinal curves?
What goes through the vertebral foramen?
What is on top of the atlas (C1)?
The atlas rotates on the ___________.
When do the sacral vertebrae fuse?
What bone of the axial column has extensive attachments for leg muscles?
Answer all questions.
Answer 4 of the following 6 questions about homeostasis.
1. Explain how the skeleton is used for homeostasis? (hint: there is a common mineral involved.)
2. What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
3. What roles do osteoblasts and osteoclasts have in remodeling bones?
4. What happens if bones are not stressed regularly?
5. How are hormones involved in homeostasis of calcium levels?
6. Why is homeostasis of calcium levels important?
Answer 3 of the following 4 questions about bone fractures and healing.
What two things are necessary for a fracture to heal?
What are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair?
3. How long does it typically take to heal a fractured bone?
4. Describe what a fracture hematoma is.
Answer 3 of the following 5 questions about bone markings and skeletal divisions.
Name and describe 3 different surface features of bones.
What is a foramen?
What is sinus?
How many separate bones are there in the adult human skeleton?
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Answer 6 of the following 9 questions about the skull.
The skull is made up of _________(how many) bones, _______ form the cranium and ______ are associated with the face. (answer with numbers)
Auditory occicles are associated with what sense organs?
The supraorbital foramen is superior to what sense organs?
Where are the parietal bones located?
What bones does the coronal suture connect?
What goes through the foramen magnum?
Why do we move the mandible?
Where is the maxillary bone?
How is the skull of infants different than that of an adult?
Answer 9 of the following 12 questions about the vertebral column.
The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones, 24 v___________, as well as the s__________ and the c_________.
How are the bones of the cervical region named?
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
How are the lumbar vertebrae different than the other vertebrae?
What is the role of the intervertebral discs and where are they located?
The sacrum is a single bone formed by the fusion of _______ __________ __________.
What is the difference between primary and secondary spinal curves?
What goes through the vertebral foramen?
What is on top of the atlas (C1)?
The atlas rotates on the ___________.
When do the sacral vertebrae fuse?
What bone of the axial column has extensive attachments for leg muscles?
Worksheet 6B, Skeletal system, due Monday Oct, 26th
Worksheet 6B. Answer each of the questions from the first part of chapter 6 on the skeletal system
A). Besides bones, the skeletal system is also made up of c ______, j_________, l_________, and c__________tissue.
B). What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?
1
2
3
4
5
C). What important minerals are stored in bones?
D). What does osseous mean?
E). Most of the weight of bones comes from __________________.
Macroscopic features of bone
F). What are the four general types of bones (hint: based on shape and size)? Describe each and give an example. (you can draw a picture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
G). What part of the long bone contains the bone marrow?
H). What happens in the bone marrow?
I). What does articulation mean?
J). Why are the epiphyses (at the ends) of long bones covered with articular cartilages?
K). What is the difference between compact and spongy bone and where do each occur?
Cells in the Bone
L). What are the three primary cell types that occur in bone and what are their primary functions?
1.
2.
3.
M). Most of the bones of the skeleton are formed through ____________ ossification.
N). When sex hormones increase at puberty, how does this affect bone growth?
O). What does appositional growth mean?
P). When does ossification usually end?
Q). What two minerals are required for normal bone growth?
R). What vitamins are essential for normal bone growth?
S). How do we get vitamin D3?
A). Besides bones, the skeletal system is also made up of c ______, j_________, l_________, and c__________tissue.
B). What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?
1
2
3
4
5
C). What important minerals are stored in bones?
D). What does osseous mean?
E). Most of the weight of bones comes from __________________.
Macroscopic features of bone
F). What are the four general types of bones (hint: based on shape and size)? Describe each and give an example. (you can draw a picture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
G). What part of the long bone contains the bone marrow?
H). What happens in the bone marrow?
I). What does articulation mean?
J). Why are the epiphyses (at the ends) of long bones covered with articular cartilages?
K). What is the difference between compact and spongy bone and where do each occur?
Cells in the Bone
L). What are the three primary cell types that occur in bone and what are their primary functions?
1.
2.
3.
M). Most of the bones of the skeleton are formed through ____________ ossification.
N). When sex hormones increase at puberty, how does this affect bone growth?
O). What does appositional growth mean?
P). When does ossification usually end?
Q). What two minerals are required for normal bone growth?
R). What vitamins are essential for normal bone growth?
S). How do we get vitamin D3?
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
Need 6 sided dice for lab
We are starting a lab on probability tomorrow (Thursday the 22nd). If you bring dice I will give you extra credit. Please bring as many as possible in a baggie with you name on it so I can give you credit and get them back to you. Please bring them by at the beginning of school. Thanks. If you see this post please share it with others.
Quiz on chapter 5
There will be a short quiz on chapter 5, integumentary system, on Thursday the 22nd. There will be 10 short answer questions from the worksheet on chapter 5 that was due today. No notes or books will be allowed of the quiz.
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
absent
I will be absent on Wednesday and Monday.
Wed. we will have an exam on chapter 4. No notes will be allowed. The questions were given on Tuesday at the end of class and are also posted here.
On Monday we will begin chapter 5. The only worksheet is post here as well. It will be due on Wednesday the 21st.
Wed. we will have an exam on chapter 4. No notes will be allowed. The questions were given on Tuesday at the end of class and are also posted here.
On Monday we will begin chapter 5. The only worksheet is post here as well. It will be due on Wednesday the 21st.
chapter 5 worksheet
Integumentary System
What are the 5 functions of the integument?
2 components of the cutaneous membrane?
Layers of the epidermis and what happens in each?
Where is stratum lucidum found?
Difference between the merocrine and apocrine sweat glands, where they occur, how the sweat is different?
All the effects of skin exposure to UV light?
Where does body odor come from?
What do sebaceous glands secrete and where?
3 layers of the cutaneous membrane in order.
What causes acne?
How does your body use evaporation?
The layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the ________________.
Where is thick skin found?
What vitamin is made when the skin is exposed to UV light?
When a person blushes, why is their skin turning red?
What is the subcutaneous layer made of?
How does skin regenerate after it is wounded?
From where do epithelial cells get their nutrients?
What are four types of accessory structures of the integument?
Where does the most severe type of skin cancer develop?
What are the 5 functions of the integument?
2 components of the cutaneous membrane?
Layers of the epidermis and what happens in each?
Where is stratum lucidum found?
Difference between the merocrine and apocrine sweat glands, where they occur, how the sweat is different?
All the effects of skin exposure to UV light?
Where does body odor come from?
What do sebaceous glands secrete and where?
3 layers of the cutaneous membrane in order.
What causes acne?
How does your body use evaporation?
The layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the ________________.
Where is thick skin found?
What vitamin is made when the skin is exposed to UV light?
When a person blushes, why is their skin turning red?
What is the subcutaneous layer made of?
How does skin regenerate after it is wounded?
From where do epithelial cells get their nutrients?
What are four types of accessory structures of the integument?
Where does the most severe type of skin cancer develop?
chapter 4 exam questions
Chap 4 test: Tissues, Histology
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Where would you find epithelial tissue?
What are three of the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
How are epithelial cells classified?
What are the 3 components of connective tissue?
What are 3 of the 4 functions of connective tissue?
Give two examples of connective tissue.
What is the purpose of muscle tissue?
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
What is the purpose of neuroglia?
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Where would you find epithelial tissue?
What are three of the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
How are epithelial cells classified?
What are the 3 components of connective tissue?
What are 3 of the 4 functions of connective tissue?
Give two examples of connective tissue.
What is the purpose of muscle tissue?
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
What is the purpose of neuroglia?
4b/c worksheet tissues
Connective tissues – most diverse tissues (includes blood, bone and fat) (4B,p 99-105)
All have three basic components
1. s____________________________________________
2. p______________________________________________
3. a fluid known as ____________________________________
the extracellular protein fibers and ground substance form the _________ that surrounds the cells
the extracellular matrix accounts for most of the _________________ of connective tissues
connective tissues are never exposed to __________________________________________.
are highly vascular (_________________________________________________________)
have many sensations, like ____________________________________________________
functions of connective tissues include:
1. _____________ and ______________ (bones of skeleton)
2. ______________________________________ (fluid that move dissolved materials)
3. storage of _________________________________ (fats stored in adipose tissue)
4. _______________ of the body (produce antibodies)
Connective tissues classified based on physical properties: (see fig 4-7, p 99)
1. connective tissues proper -- contain a _________ ground substance that slows the movement of _____________ and other pathogens so they can be caught by _________________
surround the ___________________________________________________________
examples: fatty adipose tissues, tendons, and ligaments
Includes: fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells, white blood cells
Basic fiber types are:
Ø collagen fibers
Ø elastic fibers
Ø reticular fibers
connective tissue proper is categorized as:
Ø loose connective tissue – _________________________________________
Ø adipose tissue – fat cells = ___________ (provides padding, insulation, energy storage)
Ø dense connective tissue – fibrous or collageous
o tendons – connect _______________ to _______________
o ligaments – connect _______________ to _______________
2. fluid connective tissues – distinctive collections of cells suspended in a matrix of __________ ground substance containing dissolved protein (blood = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in matrix of plasma)
3. supporting connective tissues – less diverse cell than connective tissue proper and a matrix of __________________________________________________ (cartilage and bone) framework supports the rest of the body
Cartilage – between joints for padding, outer ear, connects ribs to sternum
is avascular (_______________________), so it does not ________________________
Bone – osseous tissue, matrix of hard _______________ compounds and flexible collagen fibers, ___________________ are bone cells
Unlike cartilage, bone has blood supply and can be __________________________ throughout life.
Muscle tissue – specialized for contraction, have filaments made of the ___________________
Actin (__________________________________)
Myosin (__________________________________)
3 types of muscle
_________________, _____________________, and ______________________
Skeletal muscle – large, ______________________, long and slender (________um by ______cm)
Can not divide themselves,
new ones are made through ___________________________ à partial repair
_____________________ _______________ _________________
Cardiac muscle – heart, ___________, smaller cells than skeletal muscle, usually only has a ____________ nucleus
Branched and interconnected. Some cells can duplicate but repair is usually slow and incomplete. No stem cells.
Controlled by______________________________, not by nerve activity
___________________ __________________ _________________.
Smooth muscle – in walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive and digestive
Small and slender, One nucleus, can ____________________________________________________________
May contract on their own or be triggered by neural activity.
____________________ _____________________ ___________________________
Neural Tissue – __________ tissue, nerve tissue, conducts _________ impulses from one region of the body to another
Mostly in ____________ and _________________ chord,
Neurons – communicate through electrical and chemical signals, up to a _______________ long,
usually can not divide or repair after injury,
3 main parts: see figure 4-14, p 109.
1. _________ ___________ containing a large nucleus
2. numerous branching projections called dendrites that ________ information (usually form other neurons)
3. one long axon (also called a _______ ______) that carries signals to other cells, end in ________ _______
Neuroglia – supporting cells, provide __________ ___________, supply ___________, defend from infection
Tissues are not independent of one another. They depend on each other and are coordinated to maintain _____________.
After injury you have inflammation or an inflammatory response, _________ the damaged tissue from healthy tissues
while cleanup occurs, (produces _________, warmth, redness, and pain). This can result from an infection by pathogens
such as bacteria, or by impact, tearing, abrasion, chemical irritation, or extreme temperatures.
After inflammation, damaged tissues are repaired or replaced by the process called _____________ in which fibroblasts
produce a dense network of collagen called _______ tissue or _________ tissue. Eventually this is remodeled to normal
appearance.
Some tissues ________or _______ quickly like most epithelial, connective tissues (except cartilage) and smooth muscle
Some tissues can not remodel very well. When ______ or ______ is damaged, it is replaced by fibrous connective tissue
but does not remodel. This is called ____________.
__________ and ________________ of repair decrease with age, hormonal changes, and lifestyle.
____________ get thinner, connective tissue gets more fragile, bruise more easily, and ____________ become brittle.
Cumulative damage adds up to major health problems, like ______________ _____________ and mental deterioration.
All have three basic components
1. s____________________________________________
2. p______________________________________________
3. a fluid known as ____________________________________
the extracellular protein fibers and ground substance form the _________ that surrounds the cells
the extracellular matrix accounts for most of the _________________ of connective tissues
connective tissues are never exposed to __________________________________________.
are highly vascular (_________________________________________________________)
have many sensations, like ____________________________________________________
functions of connective tissues include:
1. _____________ and ______________ (bones of skeleton)
2. ______________________________________ (fluid that move dissolved materials)
3. storage of _________________________________ (fats stored in adipose tissue)
4. _______________ of the body (produce antibodies)
Connective tissues classified based on physical properties: (see fig 4-7, p 99)
1. connective tissues proper -- contain a _________ ground substance that slows the movement of _____________ and other pathogens so they can be caught by _________________
surround the ___________________________________________________________
examples: fatty adipose tissues, tendons, and ligaments
Includes: fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells, white blood cells
Basic fiber types are:
Ø collagen fibers
Ø elastic fibers
Ø reticular fibers
connective tissue proper is categorized as:
Ø loose connective tissue – _________________________________________
Ø adipose tissue – fat cells = ___________ (provides padding, insulation, energy storage)
Ø dense connective tissue – fibrous or collageous
o tendons – connect _______________ to _______________
o ligaments – connect _______________ to _______________
2. fluid connective tissues – distinctive collections of cells suspended in a matrix of __________ ground substance containing dissolved protein (blood = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in matrix of plasma)
3. supporting connective tissues – less diverse cell than connective tissue proper and a matrix of __________________________________________________ (cartilage and bone) framework supports the rest of the body
Cartilage – between joints for padding, outer ear, connects ribs to sternum
is avascular (_______________________), so it does not ________________________
Bone – osseous tissue, matrix of hard _______________ compounds and flexible collagen fibers, ___________________ are bone cells
Unlike cartilage, bone has blood supply and can be __________________________ throughout life.
Muscle tissue – specialized for contraction, have filaments made of the ___________________
Actin (__________________________________)
Myosin (__________________________________)
3 types of muscle
_________________, _____________________, and ______________________
Skeletal muscle – large, ______________________, long and slender (________um by ______cm)
Can not divide themselves,
new ones are made through ___________________________ à partial repair
_____________________ _______________ _________________
Cardiac muscle – heart, ___________, smaller cells than skeletal muscle, usually only has a ____________ nucleus
Branched and interconnected. Some cells can duplicate but repair is usually slow and incomplete. No stem cells.
Controlled by______________________________, not by nerve activity
___________________ __________________ _________________.
Smooth muscle – in walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive and digestive
Small and slender, One nucleus, can ____________________________________________________________
May contract on their own or be triggered by neural activity.
____________________ _____________________ ___________________________
Neural Tissue – __________ tissue, nerve tissue, conducts _________ impulses from one region of the body to another
Mostly in ____________ and _________________ chord,
Neurons – communicate through electrical and chemical signals, up to a _______________ long,
usually can not divide or repair after injury,
3 main parts: see figure 4-14, p 109.
1. _________ ___________ containing a large nucleus
2. numerous branching projections called dendrites that ________ information (usually form other neurons)
3. one long axon (also called a _______ ______) that carries signals to other cells, end in ________ _______
Neuroglia – supporting cells, provide __________ ___________, supply ___________, defend from infection
Tissues are not independent of one another. They depend on each other and are coordinated to maintain _____________.
After injury you have inflammation or an inflammatory response, _________ the damaged tissue from healthy tissues
while cleanup occurs, (produces _________, warmth, redness, and pain). This can result from an infection by pathogens
such as bacteria, or by impact, tearing, abrasion, chemical irritation, or extreme temperatures.
After inflammation, damaged tissues are repaired or replaced by the process called _____________ in which fibroblasts
produce a dense network of collagen called _______ tissue or _________ tissue. Eventually this is remodeled to normal
appearance.
Some tissues ________or _______ quickly like most epithelial, connective tissues (except cartilage) and smooth muscle
Some tissues can not remodel very well. When ______ or ______ is damaged, it is replaced by fibrous connective tissue
but does not remodel. This is called ____________.
__________ and ________________ of repair decrease with age, hormonal changes, and lifestyle.
____________ get thinner, connective tissue gets more fragile, bruise more easily, and ____________ become brittle.
Cumulative damage adds up to major health problems, like ______________ _____________ and mental deterioration.
4a worksheet
Chapter 4a outline, Tissues, epithelial (p88-98)
of trillions of cells there are only about ________ different types of cells
Tissues –
Histology – the study of
4 basic types of tissues
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial tissues –
Epithilia –
Glands –
Characteristics of epithelia
1. cells
2. a free
3. attach to
4. absence of
5. ___________________________________continually replaced
Skin, line internal passageways (digestive, reproductive and urinary
Also line internal cavaties (chest, brain, eye, inner ear)
Line the blood vessels and the heart
4 essential functions of Epithelia
1. provide ___________________________(from _________________ ________________________________________________________).
2. control ___________________ (some are impermeable, others are more permeable)
3. provide ____________________ (touch, heat)
4. produce _______________________________ (from glands)
exocrine –
enzymes in the digestive tract, perspiration in skin, milk from mammary glands
endocrine –
hormones – __________________________________ that regulate _______________
_________________________________________________________________.
Intercellular connections
Epithelial cells held together by
____________________________________________________ (CAMs) and
____________________ cement (made of a protein—polysaccharide mixture)
Cell junctions –
1. tight junctions –
2. gap junctions – ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________(in cardiac and smooth muscle where coordinated contraction is important).
3. desmosomes – durable __________________________________________________________________ (abundant in superficial layers of the skin)
The epithelial surface
Apical surface often lined with _________________________ (for absorbtion and secretion to take place)
This increases the surface area up to ________x (more surface area à more transport proteins)
Ciliated epithelium have as much as _______ ______________ that move material across the surface
(in the respiratory tract, moves mucus-trapped air away from the lungs)
The Basement Membrane – connects to the rest of the body
A network of _________ ____________ that lay between the epithelium and underlying connective tissues
A barrier that restricts ____________________________________________________________________
Epithelial renewal and repair – maintained through _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ near the basement membrane.
Classifying epithelia (see table 4.1 and fig. 4-4, 4-5, page 93-95)
By number of layers
simple = _____________________________________ (fragile)
stratified = ___________________________________ (more protection)
Shape of cells
Squamous – _______________________ ____________________________ (like a fried egg)
Cuboidal – ________________________________________________________
Columnar – __________________________________________________________
Glandular Epithelia
Exocrine secretions produced by ____________ __________, discharged through ______________ or tubes
Endocrine secretion (hormones) produced by __________________ and released into ______________________.
Exocrine glands can be classified by mode of secretion (see figure 4-6, table 4.2, p 97)
Merocrine secretion – released by ___________________
Apocrine secretion – involves the loss of both _________________ and ____________________________.
Holocrine secretion – entire ____________________________________________ bursts to release secretion
of trillions of cells there are only about ________ different types of cells
Tissues –
Histology – the study of
4 basic types of tissues
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial tissues –
Epithilia –
Glands –
Characteristics of epithelia
1. cells
2. a free
3. attach to
4. absence of
5. ___________________________________continually replaced
Skin, line internal passageways (digestive, reproductive and urinary
Also line internal cavaties (chest, brain, eye, inner ear)
Line the blood vessels and the heart
4 essential functions of Epithelia
1. provide ___________________________(from _________________ ________________________________________________________).
2. control ___________________ (some are impermeable, others are more permeable)
3. provide ____________________ (touch, heat)
4. produce _______________________________ (from glands)
exocrine –
enzymes in the digestive tract, perspiration in skin, milk from mammary glands
endocrine –
hormones – __________________________________ that regulate _______________
_________________________________________________________________.
Intercellular connections
Epithelial cells held together by
____________________________________________________ (CAMs) and
____________________ cement (made of a protein—polysaccharide mixture)
Cell junctions –
1. tight junctions –
2. gap junctions – ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________(in cardiac and smooth muscle where coordinated contraction is important).
3. desmosomes – durable __________________________________________________________________ (abundant in superficial layers of the skin)
The epithelial surface
Apical surface often lined with _________________________ (for absorbtion and secretion to take place)
This increases the surface area up to ________x (more surface area à more transport proteins)
Ciliated epithelium have as much as _______ ______________ that move material across the surface
(in the respiratory tract, moves mucus-trapped air away from the lungs)
The Basement Membrane – connects to the rest of the body
A network of _________ ____________ that lay between the epithelium and underlying connective tissues
A barrier that restricts ____________________________________________________________________
Epithelial renewal and repair – maintained through _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ near the basement membrane.
Classifying epithelia (see table 4.1 and fig. 4-4, 4-5, page 93-95)
By number of layers
simple = _____________________________________ (fragile)
stratified = ___________________________________ (more protection)
Shape of cells
Squamous – _______________________ ____________________________ (like a fried egg)
Cuboidal – ________________________________________________________
Columnar – __________________________________________________________
Glandular Epithelia
Exocrine secretions produced by ____________ __________, discharged through ______________ or tubes
Endocrine secretion (hormones) produced by __________________ and released into ______________________.
Exocrine glands can be classified by mode of secretion (see figure 4-6, table 4.2, p 97)
Merocrine secretion – released by ___________________
Apocrine secretion – involves the loss of both _________________ and ____________________________.
Holocrine secretion – entire ____________________________________________ bursts to release secretion
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