4b/c worksheet tissues

Connective tissues – most diverse tissues (includes blood, bone and fat) (4B,p 99-105)
All have three basic components
1. s____________________________________________
2. p______________________________________________
3. a fluid known as ____________________________________
the extracellular protein fibers and ground substance form the _________ that surrounds the cells
the extracellular matrix accounts for most of the _________________ of connective tissues
connective tissues are never exposed to __________________________________________.
are highly vascular (_________________________________________________________)
have many sensations, like ____________________________________________________
functions of connective tissues include:
1. _____________ and ______________ (bones of skeleton)
2. ______________________________________ (fluid that move dissolved materials)
3. storage of _________________________________ (fats stored in adipose tissue)
4. _______________ of the body (produce antibodies)

Connective tissues classified based on physical properties: (see fig 4-7, p 99)
1. connective tissues proper -- contain a _________ ground substance that slows the movement of _____________ and other pathogens so they can be caught by _________________
surround the ___________________________________________________________
examples: fatty adipose tissues, tendons, and ligaments
Includes: fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells, white blood cells
Basic fiber types are:
Ø collagen fibers
Ø elastic fibers
Ø reticular fibers
connective tissue proper is categorized as:
Ø loose connective tissue – _________________________________________
Ø adipose tissue – fat cells = ___________ (provides padding, insulation, energy storage)
Ø dense connective tissue – fibrous or collageous
o tendons – connect _______________ to _______________
o ligaments – connect _______________ to _______________
2. fluid connective tissues – distinctive collections of cells suspended in a matrix of __________ ground substance containing dissolved protein (blood = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in matrix of plasma)
3. supporting connective tissues – less diverse cell than connective tissue proper and a matrix of __________________________________________________ (cartilage and bone) framework supports the rest of the body
Cartilage – between joints for padding, outer ear, connects ribs to sternum
is avascular (_______________________), so it does not ________________________
Bone – osseous tissue, matrix of hard _______________ compounds and flexible collagen fibers, ___________________ are bone cells
Unlike cartilage, bone has blood supply and can be __________________________ throughout life.
Muscle tissue – specialized for contraction, have filaments made of the ___________________
Actin (__________________________________)
Myosin (__________________________________)
3 types of muscle
_________________, _____________________, and ______________________

Skeletal muscle – large, ______________________, long and slender (________um by ______cm)
Can not divide themselves,
new ones are made through ___________________________ à partial repair
_____________________ _______________ _________________

Cardiac muscle – heart, ___________, smaller cells than skeletal muscle, usually only has a ____________ nucleus
Branched and interconnected. Some cells can duplicate but repair is usually slow and incomplete. No stem cells.
Controlled by______________________________, not by nerve activity
___________________ __________________ _________________.

Smooth muscle – in walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive and digestive
Small and slender, One nucleus, can ____________________________________________________________
May contract on their own or be triggered by neural activity.
____________________ _____________________ ___________________________


Neural Tissue – __________ tissue, nerve tissue, conducts _________ impulses from one region of the body to another
Mostly in ____________ and _________________ chord,
Neurons – communicate through electrical and chemical signals, up to a _______________ long,
usually can not divide or repair after injury,
3 main parts: see figure 4-14, p 109.
1. _________ ___________ containing a large nucleus
2. numerous branching projections called dendrites that ________ information (usually form other neurons)
3. one long axon (also called a _______ ______) that carries signals to other cells, end in ________ _______
Neuroglia – supporting cells, provide __________ ___________, supply ___________, defend from infection

Tissues are not independent of one another. They depend on each other and are coordinated to maintain _____________.
After injury you have inflammation or an inflammatory response, _________ the damaged tissue from healthy tissues
while cleanup occurs, (produces _________, warmth, redness, and pain). This can result from an infection by pathogens
such as bacteria, or by impact, tearing, abrasion, chemical irritation, or extreme temperatures.
After inflammation, damaged tissues are repaired or replaced by the process called _____________ in which fibroblasts
produce a dense network of collagen called _______ tissue or _________ tissue. Eventually this is remodeled to normal
appearance.
Some tissues ________or _______ quickly like most epithelial, connective tissues (except cartilage) and smooth muscle
Some tissues can not remodel very well. When ______ or ______ is damaged, it is replaced by fibrous connective tissue
but does not remodel. This is called ____________.

__________ and ________________ of repair decrease with age, hormonal changes, and lifestyle.
____________ get thinner, connective tissue gets more fragile, bruise more easily, and ____________ become brittle.
Cumulative damage adds up to major health problems, like ______________ _____________ and mental deterioration.