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week 14

This week we are finishing chapter 6 on the skeletal system and starting chapter 7 on the muscular system.
Corrections to the exam are due on Tuesday, November 17th.
Besides the worksheets posted here which a the backbone to outlines of the chapter, we have several coloring sheets which will be handed out in class. I do not have electronic versions of these.
Also, we are learning the major skeletal muscles on p. 205 and 206.

worksheet 7D, due Monday, Nov. 23rd

Things that should be in your outline 7d (p198 – 203)

The energetics of muscular contraction

Muscles use lots of energy in the form of ATP
How much?
How much ATP is stored?
How do we make more?
Creatine
Creatine phosphate (CP)
How is ATP used to make CP?
How is CP used to make ATP?
This regulated by the enzyme __________________________.
How long can CP stores be used to make ATP?

ATP generation
Aerobic metabolism
Reactants and products
TCA, citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle
In mitochondria
Pyruvic acid
Resting skeletal muscles rely on ________________________for energy.
ATP generation in mitochondria is limited by ______________________.
Oxygen consumption can increase _______X but energy use may increase __________X
Anaerobic metabolism
Glycolosis –
In cytoplasm
ATP production is much lower than ______________________.
Can continue without ______________.
Glycogen – is a poly_______________ made of __________________.
Is stored in _____________________
Stored in the ____________________.
Energy use and level of skeletal activity
Resting skeletal muscle
Peak activity – use glycolysis
Which has drawbacks
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Lowers the pH à
Inefficient, produces only _________ ATP molecules

Muscle fatigue (define)
Caused by
Endurance athletes
Sprinters
The recovery period –
Lactic acid recycling
Uses oxygen to make _________________.
Oxygen debt
Liver cells
Sweat glands
Breathing rate
Heat loss
Blood flow

Muscle Performance
Force
Endurance
Two major factors that determine muscle performance
1.
2.
Fast-twitch fibers
· Size
· Tension
· Fatigue
Slow-twitch fibers
· Smaller
· Slower
· Endurance
· Three specialization
1. oxygen supply
2. oxygen storage
myoglobin
3. oxygen use – have more _______________
Distribution of muscle fibers and muscle performance
White muscle – made of

Red muscle

The percentage of fast and slow fibers is determined by __________________.

Physical Conditioning – training
Anaerobic endurance
Hypertrophy
Aerobic endurance
Carboload

See concept check question on 202



Cardiac muscle
Found only in the ______________
Intercalated discs
Gap junctions
All contract at the same time
Five important functional differences of cardiac muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Smooth muscle
Similar to cardiac __________________________________________________
Found in _________________________________________________________
Have structural and functional differences from cardiac and skeletal muscles

See concept check questions p. 203

worksheet 7C, due Thursday 11-19-09

Things that should be in your outline 7c (p194-198)

Muscle mechanics
Individual muscle cells are connected and tied together by connective tissue
Tension
Collagen fibers
Resistance
Resistance depends on –
Compression
Muscles can only –
The amount of tension depends on –

Tension produced by an individual muscle fiber depends on:
1.
2.
Tension produced by an entire skeletal muscle is determined by:
1.
2.

Frequency of muscle fiber stimulation
Twitch
Myogram
Latent period
msec
contraction phase
relaxation phase
see fig 7-6
summation
incomplete tetanus
complete tetanus
see fig 7-7
disease tetanus

The number of muscle fiber involved
Motor unit
See fig 7-8
Recruitment
Peak tension production occurs when

Muscle tone
Atrophy
Why is physical therapy important?

Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
What three things cause muscles to elongate?

worksheet 7B, due Wednesday 11-18-09

Things that should be in your outline 7b (p190-194)

Control of Muscle fiber contraction
Controlled by the __________ system
Neuromuscular junction
Motor neuron
Synaptic terminal
Acetlycholine
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
Motor end plate
Acetylcholinesterase
Action potential
4 steps in the function of the neuromuscular junction
1.
2.
3.
4.
This trigger the release of _____________ ions
Contraction cycle requires the mineral ____________
ADP
Phosphate
ATP
5 steps of the contraction cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Be able to answer concept check questions (193)

Rigor mortis

See table 7-1 for a summary of the steps involved in muscle contraction

worksheet 7A, due Monday, 11-16-09

Things that should be in your outline 7a (p185-190)

3 types of muscle
Skeletal muscles are made of –
How many skeletal muscles
5 functions of skeletal muscle
Sarkos
Mys

Gross anatomy
Epimysium
Perimysium
Fasicles
Endomysium
Tendon
How do tendons attach to bone?
Blood vessels
Nerves
Voluntary muscles

Microanatomy
Size of skeletal muscle cells
Multinucleate
Sarcolema
Transverse tubules
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Thin filaments
Thick filaments
Glycogen
Sarcomeres
Smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber
Z line
M line
A band
I band
Active site
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Myosin molecule
Sliding filament theory
Cross bridges
Concept check questions (190)

yoga posture assignment

Choose a yoga posture to teach to the rest of the class (a different one than you taught before).
Write instructions on how to do the yoga posture using at least 10 skeletal terms, 5 motion terms, from page 168-170, and 5 synovial joint function terms from page 171. We will work on this in class on Wednesday, finish them as homework and will teach them at a later date.

more skeletal flash cards, due Thursday the 5th.

Assignment:
make flash cards on the cranial bones, mandible, and maxillary bones, as well as the different movements of the skeleton on page 168, 169 adn 170.

Learn Figure 6-2 in the text, page 137

This figure shows the macroscpoic structure of long bones. This figure will be on a quiz or exam. You will have to fill in the vocabulary words on the figure.

Worksheet 6C, due Monday, Nov. 2nd

Quiz over Outline 6c, p 157--175, Appendicular divisions and articulations
Answer all questions.

Pelvis Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
1. The appendicular skeleton made of what?
Upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

2. To what bone is the scapula attatched?

3. The ____________ articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, connecting the ______________ girdle to the thoracic cage.

Upper limb Answer 7 of the following 9 questions.
4. The upper limb begins with the ______________ bone at the proximal end, and ends with the _________________ at the distal end.

5. The _______________ is theforearm bone on lateral side when in anatomical position.

6. The ______________ is the forearm bone on medial side when in anatomical position.

7. The ______________consist of 8 bones that articulate with the radius, ulna, and the metacarpals.

8. The 4 p____________ carpals articulate with the radius and ulna.

9. The 4 d____________ carpals articulate with the metacarpals.

10. How many metacarpals are there in each hand?

11. How many phlanges are there in each hand?

12. The pollex only has ______ (how many) phlanges.

Pelvic Girdle Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
13. The pectoral girdle has bones that are part of the a_____________ skeleton as well as bones that are part of the _____________ skeleton.

14. The pelvis consists of two hip bones called the ____________, as well as the s_____________ and the c_____________ which are at the end of the spinal column.

15. Name 3 ways the male and female elvis differ.




Lower limb Answer 5 of the following 6 questions.
16. The pelvis articulates with the ____________ at the acetabulum, forming a ball and socket joint.

17. The ___________ is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.

18. The crural region, distal to the femur, is made up of two bones. The larger one is called the ___________ while the smaller one is called the ____________.

19. The tarsals articulate with the ______________ proximally and the ____________ distally.

20. There are 7 ____________ bones in the foot which include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuoid and 3 cuniform bones.

21. The metatarsals articulate with the ______________ and the _______________.

Articulations Answer 4 of the following 6 questions.
22. Define articulation.

23. Joint compromise the need for strength and the need for _________________.

24. Fiborous and cartilaginous joints are two types of _____________ tissue (hint: they connect or bind bones together)

25. Describe and give an example of a synarthrosis joint.

26. Describe and give an example of a amphiarthrosis joint.

27. Describe and give an example of a diarthrosis joint.

Synovial joins and movement. Answer 4 of the following 5 questions.
28. What is the difference between flexion, extension, and hyperextension?

29. What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

30. What is the difference between circumduction and rotation?

31. Describe one of the following special movements: inversion, dorsiflexion, opposition, protraction, or elevation.

32. Describe two of the following synovial joints and give example of where they occur.

Gliding joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ellipsoidal joint, saddle joint, or ball and socket joint

worksheet 6B, due Thursdaym, Oct. 29th

Quiz over Outline 6b, p 142-157, bone remodeling, homeostasis, aging, axial divisions.
Answer all questions.

Answer 4 of the following 6 questions about homeostasis.

1. Explain how the skeleton is used for homeostasis? (hint: there is a common mineral involved.)

2. What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

3. What roles do osteoblasts and osteoclasts have in remodeling bones?

4. What happens if bones are not stressed regularly?

5. How are hormones involved in homeostasis of calcium levels?

6. Why is homeostasis of calcium levels important?


Answer 3 of the following 4 questions about bone fractures and healing.

What two things are necessary for a fracture to heal?

What are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair?

3. How long does it typically take to heal a fractured bone?

4. Describe what a fracture hematoma is.


Answer 3 of the following 5 questions about bone markings and skeletal divisions.

Name and describe 3 different surface features of bones.

What is a foramen?

What is sinus?

How many separate bones are there in the adult human skeleton?

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?


Answer 6 of the following 9 questions about the skull.

The skull is made up of _________(how many) bones, _______ form the cranium and ______ are associated with the face. (answer with numbers)

Auditory occicles are associated with what sense organs?

The supraorbital foramen is superior to what sense organs?

Where are the parietal bones located?

What bones does the coronal suture connect?

What goes through the foramen magnum?

Why do we move the mandible?

Where is the maxillary bone?

How is the skull of infants different than that of an adult?

Answer 9 of the following 12 questions about the vertebral column.

The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones, 24 v___________, as well as the s__________ and the c_________.

How are the bones of the cervical region named?

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

How are the lumbar vertebrae different than the other vertebrae?

What is the role of the intervertebral discs and where are they located?

The sacrum is a single bone formed by the fusion of _______ __________ __________.

What is the difference between primary and secondary spinal curves?

What goes through the vertebral foramen?

What is on top of the atlas (C1)?

The atlas rotates on the ___________.

When do the sacral vertebrae fuse?

What bone of the axial column has extensive attachments for leg muscles?