There will be an exam on chapter 3, Cells, tomorrow. It will cover the material on the 4 worksheets from chapter 3 (A, B, C, and D) as well as material covered in class.
It will be graded on a 100 point scale but there will be 140 points possible if you get all the bonus questions correct as well. I will deduct 40 points if you have to use your notes and worksheets and 60 points if you have to use your book. In other words, if you use your notes only you can still earn a 100 (A+) and if you use your book (because you did not do your homework) you can still earn an 80 (B-). If you study a lot you can earn up to 40 bonus points.
Study well.
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
Friday, September 18, 2009
worksheet 3D, due Monday, Sept 28th.
Chapter 3d, Nucleus and Genetic Code, worksheet/outline (page 75-83)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Nucleus –
Control center, stores the genes for _______________different proteins
See structure of a typical nucleus (figure 3-16)
Nuclear envelope –
Nucleoplasm –
Nucleopores –
Nucleoli –
Chromosome structure –
Human body cells have _______ pairs of chromosomes.
See structure of chromosome (figure 3-17)
Histone
Chromatin
The genetic code –
Information stored in a series of nitrogenous bases (ATCG)
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Triplet code – 3 nitrogenous bases specify one amino acid
Gene – all the triplets needed to produce ___________________________.
promoter
Protein Synthesis
When the gene is bound to ______________ the gene promoter can not be read.
Transcription
Messenger RNA –
Codon –
Stop codon –
See figure 3-18
Translation
Transfer RNA –
Anticodon –
The 5 steps of translation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A protein is a chain of at least ________ amino acids but typically contains about _____________ amino acids.
Mutation
Point mutation
Answer the concept check questions on page 80 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
The Cell Life Cycle
Cell division –
DNA replication –
Mitosis –
Somatic cells –
Meiosis –
Interphase –
Apoptosis –
G1 phase –
S phase –
DNA polymerase –
G2 phase –
M phase –
See figure 3-20 and 3-21
Mitosis –
Cytokenesis –
4 stages of mitosis
1. Prophase –
Centrioles –
Centromere –
2. Metaphase –
Metaphase plate –
3. Anaphase –
Daughter chromosomes –
4. Telophase –
See figure 3-22
Cytokinesis –
Cleavage furrow
Cell Division and Cancer
Tumor –
Benign tumor –
Malignant tumor –
Primary tumor
Invasion
Metastasis
Cancer
Answer the concept check questions on page 83 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Cell diversity and Differentiation
If all somatic cells have the same genes, why do different types of have such different structure, function and appearance?
Differentiation—
Tissues –
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Nucleus –
Control center, stores the genes for _______________different proteins
See structure of a typical nucleus (figure 3-16)
Nuclear envelope –
Nucleoplasm –
Nucleopores –
Nucleoli –
Chromosome structure –
Human body cells have _______ pairs of chromosomes.
See structure of chromosome (figure 3-17)
Histone
Chromatin
The genetic code –
Information stored in a series of nitrogenous bases (ATCG)
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Triplet code – 3 nitrogenous bases specify one amino acid
Gene – all the triplets needed to produce ___________________________.
promoter
Protein Synthesis
When the gene is bound to ______________ the gene promoter can not be read.
Transcription
Messenger RNA –
Codon –
Stop codon –
See figure 3-18
Translation
Transfer RNA –
Anticodon –
The 5 steps of translation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A protein is a chain of at least ________ amino acids but typically contains about _____________ amino acids.
Mutation
Point mutation
Answer the concept check questions on page 80 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
The Cell Life Cycle
Cell division –
DNA replication –
Mitosis –
Somatic cells –
Meiosis –
Interphase –
Apoptosis –
G1 phase –
S phase –
DNA polymerase –
G2 phase –
M phase –
See figure 3-20 and 3-21
Mitosis –
Cytokenesis –
4 stages of mitosis
1. Prophase –
Centrioles –
Centromere –
2. Metaphase –
Metaphase plate –
3. Anaphase –
Daughter chromosomes –
4. Telophase –
See figure 3-22
Cytokinesis –
Cleavage furrow
Cell Division and Cancer
Tumor –
Benign tumor –
Malignant tumor –
Primary tumor
Invasion
Metastasis
Cancer
Answer the concept check questions on page 83 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Cell diversity and Differentiation
If all somatic cells have the same genes, why do different types of have such different structure, function and appearance?
Differentiation—
Tissues –
worksheet 3C, due Monday 9-28-09
Chapter 3c, Cytoplasm and organelles, worksheet/outline (page 70-75)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Cytoplasm –
Cytosol –
3 ways that cytosol is different from extracellular fluid:
1.
2.
3.
Inclusions –
Organelles –
Membrane enclosed organelles
Nonmembraneous organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Fixed ribosomes
Proteasomes
Proteases
Answer the concept check questions on page 72 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Endoplasmic reticulum
See figure 3-14
4 major functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum –
4 functions of SER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum –
Golgi aparatus –
3 major functions
1.
2.
3.
Lysosomes –
Secretory vesicles –
Membrane renewal vesicles –
Lysosomes –
Defense
Recycling
Autolysis
Mitochondria –
Have a double membrane
Energy is stored and transported in __________________________________.
Energy production:
Glucose à 2 pyruvic acid molecules + O2 à ATP + CO2 + H2
(Glycolysis) (aerobic metabolism, cellular respiration)
(in the cytosol) (in the mitochondria)
Answer the concept check questions on page 75 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Cytoplasm –
Cytosol –
3 ways that cytosol is different from extracellular fluid:
1.
2.
3.
Inclusions –
Organelles –
Membrane enclosed organelles
Nonmembraneous organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Fixed ribosomes
Proteasomes
Proteases
Answer the concept check questions on page 72 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Endoplasmic reticulum
See figure 3-14
4 major functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum –
4 functions of SER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum –
Golgi aparatus –
3 major functions
1.
2.
3.
Lysosomes –
Secretory vesicles –
Membrane renewal vesicles –
Lysosomes –
Defense
Recycling
Autolysis
Mitochondria –
Have a double membrane
Energy is stored and transported in __________________________________.
Energy production:
Glucose à 2 pyruvic acid molecules + O2 à ATP + CO2 + H2
(Glycolysis) (aerobic metabolism, cellular respiration)
(in the cytosol) (in the mitochondria)
Answer the concept check questions on page 75 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
worksheet 3b, due Tuesday 9-22-09
Chapter 3b, Membrane transport, worksheet/outline (page 63-70)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Membrane transport
Permeability
Impermeable
Selectively permeable
Freely permeable
Whether or not a substance can cross a membrane is determined by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Passive process
Active process
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Carbon dioxide example:
Diffusion across membranes depends on:
1.
2.
Examples of things that can pass through the membrane
Channels are usually very small, 0.8nm in diameter so ___________, and ____________ can pass through but larger molecules like _____________ can not.
Osmosis –
Solutes –
Dilution
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, from a area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This dilutes the solutes until the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane.
Isotonic –
Hypotonic –
Homeolysis –
Hypertonic –
Crenation –
Filtration –
Carrier mediated transport –
Facilitated diffusion –
Receptor site
Active transport –
Ion pumps –
Exchange pump –
Sodium-potassium exchange pump –
Vesicular transport –
Endocytosis –
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis –
Answer the concept check questions on page 70 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Membrane transport
Permeability
Impermeable
Selectively permeable
Freely permeable
Whether or not a substance can cross a membrane is determined by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Passive process
Active process
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Carbon dioxide example:
Diffusion across membranes depends on:
1.
2.
Examples of things that can pass through the membrane
Channels are usually very small, 0.8nm in diameter so ___________, and ____________ can pass through but larger molecules like _____________ can not.
Osmosis –
Solutes –
Dilution
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, from a area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This dilutes the solutes until the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane.
Isotonic –
Hypotonic –
Homeolysis –
Hypertonic –
Crenation –
Filtration –
Carrier mediated transport –
Facilitated diffusion –
Receptor site
Active transport –
Ion pumps –
Exchange pump –
Sodium-potassium exchange pump –
Vesicular transport –
Endocytosis –
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis –
Answer the concept check questions on page 70 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
chapter 3, worksheet A, due Monday 9-21-09
Chapter 3a worksheet/outline (page 57-62)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class.
What are the 4 basic concepts of the cell theory?
Cytology means
Light micrograph
Transmission electron micrograph
Scanning electron micrograph
Cell anatomy
Extracellular fluid
intracellular
Interstitial fliud
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
cytosol
organelles
see figure 3-2, need to learn all of these structures
see organelles table 3-1, need to learn
4 functions of the cell membrane (plasma membrane
1.
2.
3.
4.
The cell membrane is _______________thick and is made of ___________, ____________, and ________________.
Membrane lipids
Phospholipids
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Why is it called a phospholipids bilayer?
What is able to cross the bilayer?
What is not able to cross?
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Membrane proteins may function as: (see table 3-2, page 62)
Receptors
Channel
Carrier
Enzymes
Anchoring
Recognition
Membrane Carbohydrates
Function as:
Glycoproteins
glycolipids
Answer the concept check questions on page 62 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class.
What are the 4 basic concepts of the cell theory?
Cytology means
Light micrograph
Transmission electron micrograph
Scanning electron micrograph
Cell anatomy
Extracellular fluid
intracellular
Interstitial fliud
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
cytosol
organelles
see figure 3-2, need to learn all of these structures
see organelles table 3-1, need to learn
4 functions of the cell membrane (plasma membrane
1.
2.
3.
4.
The cell membrane is _______________thick and is made of ___________, ____________, and ________________.
Membrane lipids
Phospholipids
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Why is it called a phospholipids bilayer?
What is able to cross the bilayer?
What is not able to cross?
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Membrane proteins may function as: (see table 3-2, page 62)
Receptors
Channel
Carrier
Enzymes
Anchoring
Recognition
Membrane Carbohydrates
Function as:
Glycoproteins
glycolipids
Answer the concept check questions on page 62 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Friday, September 11, 2009
Chapter 2 exam on Tuesday
Chapter 2 exam,chemistry, will be on Tuesday, September 15th. It will be open note but not open book. These must be your own notes, not those of others. May include worksheets 2A, 2B, or any class notes. There will be a few nutrition questions as well.
Have a great weekend.
Have a great weekend.
Monday, September 7, 2009
skeletal system flash cards
Skeletal Syste Flash Cards
Assignment due Monday, September 14th.
We will make flash cards as study aids throughout the course.
Make flash cards from note card stock which is thicker and sturdier than normal paper.
It is prefered that they have lines on one side but this is not necessary.
Either (3x5) or (4X6) will work.
If you do not write too big you can cut the flash card in half to make smaller cards.
The first set of flash cards we will make will be of the skeletal system.
Directions:
Write each of the terms on figure 6-9, page 147, on one side of an index card.
On the other side of the card write the common name that you would know it by.
On this side, also write the nember of those bones that the body has.
For example: tarsal bones on one side and ankle bones (14 total, 7 on each side) on the other.
There should be 36 cards in assignment but we will eventually add to this number as we learn some of the names of the vertebrae, face, cranium, hands, and feet.
LATER we will add to these cards so leave some space to write additional details in the future.
(Such as type of joints or muscles that are attached)
Using the cards:
Keep the cards together in a zip lock bag and label the bag with the subject.
Flip through the cards to learn the information on the cards.
You can shuffle the cards so that you are not learning them in a particular order.
When you come to a card you do not know, put it in a seperate pile. These are terms you need to study more.
You can also try matching each term that part of your skeleton or arranging them on a table to form a skeleton.
Assignment due Monday, September 14th.
We will make flash cards as study aids throughout the course.
Make flash cards from note card stock which is thicker and sturdier than normal paper.
It is prefered that they have lines on one side but this is not necessary.
Either (3x5) or (4X6) will work.
If you do not write too big you can cut the flash card in half to make smaller cards.
The first set of flash cards we will make will be of the skeletal system.
Directions:
Write each of the terms on figure 6-9, page 147, on one side of an index card.
On the other side of the card write the common name that you would know it by.
On this side, also write the nember of those bones that the body has.
For example: tarsal bones on one side and ankle bones (14 total, 7 on each side) on the other.
There should be 36 cards in assignment but we will eventually add to this number as we learn some of the names of the vertebrae, face, cranium, hands, and feet.
LATER we will add to these cards so leave some space to write additional details in the future.
(Such as type of joints or muscles that are attached)
Using the cards:
Keep the cards together in a zip lock bag and label the bag with the subject.
Flip through the cards to learn the information on the cards.
You can shuffle the cards so that you are not learning them in a particular order.
When you come to a card you do not know, put it in a seperate pile. These are terms you need to study more.
You can also try matching each term that part of your skeleton or arranging them on a table to form a skeleton.
chapter 2, worksheet B
Chapter 2, chemistry, worksheet B Due Friday, Sept. 14th, 2009
Directions: The following is an outline of the second half of chapter 2. As you read, fill in the blanks of the outline. Answer questions. Draw the structures when instructions tell you so.
Inorganic Compounds
What are Nutrients?
What are metabolites?
Define inorganic molecules and give 3 examples that are important to people.
Why are 4 properties of water that make it important to our bodies?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water and its properties
• Most important body chemical
• Excellent s_____________
• High __________ capacity
• Essential chemical reactant
Water Dissociates I__________ Bonds
Key Note
Water accounts for most of your body weight. Proteins, key components of cells, and nucleic acids, which control cells, work only in s______________
Inorganic Acids and Bases
• Acid—Releases h____________ ions (H+) into solution
• E.g., HCl ® H+ + Cl-
• Base—Removes h______________ ions from solution
• E.g., NaOH + H+ ® Na+ + H•0H
pH
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
• _________________ solution—pH = 7
• _____________ solution—pH below 7
• ___________ solution—pH above 7
What is the pH of stomach bile and blood?
Buffers
• Maintain pH within normal limits (pH 7.____ to pH 7.____)
• ______________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too basic
• _____________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too acidic
Salt
An ionic compound not containing _____ or _______
•Salts are electrolytes
•Electrolytes d_____________ in water
• E.g., NaCl ® Na+ + Cl-
Why do you think electrolytes dissociate in water? (see fig 2-8)
•Electrolytes carry ________________ currents in the body
Organic Compounds
• Contain ___________, ___________, and usually __________.
• Important classes of organic compounds include:
Carbohydrates
• Most important energy source for metabolism
• Three major types
• Monosaccharides (E.g., glucose)
• Disaccharides (E.g., sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (E.g., glycogen)
How are they different?
Are they soluble in water?
Can all of them be digested?
What is the primary shape of sugars?
Draw an example of each a monosaccharide and a disaccharide.
Lipids
• Water-i________________
• Four important classes
• Fatty acids
End in a _________________ acid group
Draw a carboxylic acid group.
Three Fatty acids can be attached to a ______________ to form a _______________________.
• Fats
Fats are primarily made of what two elements?
What is their primary shape?
How are the bonds of saturated and unsaturated fats different?
How are saturated and unsaturated fats different at room temperature?
• Steroids
How are steroids used by our body?
How are steroids shaped?
Cholesterol –
Where does our body get cholesterol?
• Phospholipids
How is a phospholipid different than a triglyceride?
How are phospholipids used in our bodies?
Draw a phospholipid and label the water soluble and water insoluble parts.
Proteins
• Most abundant organic component in human body
• About _________________ different proteins
• Made of the elements c__________, n__________, o___________, h___________, and a bit of sulfur
Give examples of how proteins play vital roles in:
• Support
• Movement
• Transport
• Buffering
• Regulation
• Defense
Proteins are built from ____________ ___________.
Draw an amino acid as in fig 2-16 (a)
How many amino acids are there?
How are the amino acids different?
Peptide bonds join amino acids into long strings
Protein Structure
• “R” groups interact with their neighbors and with solvent
• Amino acid chain folds and twists into complex shape
• Final ____________ determines function
• High ___________ distorts shape
Denaturation –
• Distorted proteins don’t ____________
Enzyme Function
• Substrates (reactants) bind to active site on enzyme surface
• Binding lowers activation energy needed for reaction
• Substrates react to form product
• Product is released from enzyme surface
How is an enzyme like a dating service?
Nucleic Acids
• Large molecules
• Built from which 5 elements?
• Store and process molecular information
• Two classes of nucleic acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
How are DNA and RNA structures different?
How are they used differently by the body?
What are the 5 nucleotides?
Which nucleotides are found in DNA?
Which nucleotides are found in RNA?
Which nucleotides pair up in DNA?
Draw the structure of a nucleic acid
Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
• Sugar-phosphate bonds link nucleotides in long strands
• Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA strands in a double helix
High-Energy Compounds
• Catabolism releases energy
• Cells store energy in high-energy compounds
• High-energy compounds drive endergonic reactions
What dies endergonic mean?
• ATP is the most important high-energy compound in cells
How is ATP different than ADP?
• ATP keeps cells alive!
Draw the structure of ATP.
Do you think ATP would be water soluble (why or why not)?
Directions: The following is an outline of the second half of chapter 2. As you read, fill in the blanks of the outline. Answer questions. Draw the structures when instructions tell you so.
Inorganic Compounds
What are Nutrients?
What are metabolites?
Define inorganic molecules and give 3 examples that are important to people.
Why are 4 properties of water that make it important to our bodies?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water and its properties
• Most important body chemical
• Excellent s_____________
• High __________ capacity
• Essential chemical reactant
Water Dissociates I__________ Bonds
Key Note
Water accounts for most of your body weight. Proteins, key components of cells, and nucleic acids, which control cells, work only in s______________
Inorganic Acids and Bases
• Acid—Releases h____________ ions (H+) into solution
• E.g., HCl ® H+ + Cl-
• Base—Removes h______________ ions from solution
• E.g., NaOH + H+ ® Na+ + H•0H
pH
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
• _________________ solution—pH = 7
• _____________ solution—pH below 7
• ___________ solution—pH above 7
What is the pH of stomach bile and blood?
Buffers
• Maintain pH within normal limits (pH 7.____ to pH 7.____)
• ______________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too basic
• _____________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too acidic
Salt
An ionic compound not containing _____ or _______
•Salts are electrolytes
•Electrolytes d_____________ in water
• E.g., NaCl ® Na+ + Cl-
Why do you think electrolytes dissociate in water? (see fig 2-8)
•Electrolytes carry ________________ currents in the body
Organic Compounds
• Contain ___________, ___________, and usually __________.
• Important classes of organic compounds include:
Carbohydrates
• Most important energy source for metabolism
• Three major types
• Monosaccharides (E.g., glucose)
• Disaccharides (E.g., sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (E.g., glycogen)
How are they different?
Are they soluble in water?
Can all of them be digested?
What is the primary shape of sugars?
Draw an example of each a monosaccharide and a disaccharide.
Lipids
• Water-i________________
• Four important classes
• Fatty acids
End in a _________________ acid group
Draw a carboxylic acid group.
Three Fatty acids can be attached to a ______________ to form a _______________________.
• Fats
Fats are primarily made of what two elements?
What is their primary shape?
How are the bonds of saturated and unsaturated fats different?
How are saturated and unsaturated fats different at room temperature?
• Steroids
How are steroids used by our body?
How are steroids shaped?
Cholesterol –
Where does our body get cholesterol?
• Phospholipids
How is a phospholipid different than a triglyceride?
How are phospholipids used in our bodies?
Draw a phospholipid and label the water soluble and water insoluble parts.
Proteins
• Most abundant organic component in human body
• About _________________ different proteins
• Made of the elements c__________, n__________, o___________, h___________, and a bit of sulfur
Give examples of how proteins play vital roles in:
• Support
• Movement
• Transport
• Buffering
• Regulation
• Defense
Proteins are built from ____________ ___________.
Draw an amino acid as in fig 2-16 (a)
How many amino acids are there?
How are the amino acids different?
Peptide bonds join amino acids into long strings
Protein Structure
• “R” groups interact with their neighbors and with solvent
• Amino acid chain folds and twists into complex shape
• Final ____________ determines function
• High ___________ distorts shape
Denaturation –
• Distorted proteins don’t ____________
Enzyme Function
• Substrates (reactants) bind to active site on enzyme surface
• Binding lowers activation energy needed for reaction
• Substrates react to form product
• Product is released from enzyme surface
How is an enzyme like a dating service?
Nucleic Acids
• Large molecules
• Built from which 5 elements?
• Store and process molecular information
• Two classes of nucleic acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
How are DNA and RNA structures different?
How are they used differently by the body?
What are the 5 nucleotides?
Which nucleotides are found in DNA?
Which nucleotides are found in RNA?
Which nucleotides pair up in DNA?
Draw the structure of a nucleic acid
Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
• Sugar-phosphate bonds link nucleotides in long strands
• Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA strands in a double helix
High-Energy Compounds
• Catabolism releases energy
• Cells store energy in high-energy compounds
• High-energy compounds drive endergonic reactions
What dies endergonic mean?
• ATP is the most important high-energy compound in cells
How is ATP different than ADP?
• ATP keeps cells alive!
Draw the structure of ATP.
Do you think ATP would be water soluble (why or why not)?
nutrition log
Keep a nutrition log of everything you eat or drink for 2 days. (Due Tuesday, Sept 8th. Grade, 25 points possible)
This should include the amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates, and protein in each item. You can get this information from labels or internet sites (such as calorie king) that have nutritional information for many types of food.
This should include the amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates, and protein in each item. You can get this information from labels or internet sites (such as calorie king) that have nutritional information for many types of food.
Introduction to anatomy and physiology blog
| This is the blog for Mr. Vaught's Anatomy and Physiology class. All students enroled in the class will be given a link/address to this blog and are encouraged to check the blog on a regular basis. It will be especially helpful if you are for any reason absent from class. All parents are also encouraged to frequent the site to see what we are currently working on. Many of these posts are given in class as handouts and homework assignments. You can copy and paste from this site to a word document and do your homework on a computer instead of on paper. You can then email the completed assignment to me (preferred) or bring it to me on a flash drive with your name and period as the file title. This is highly endourged as it will save the school paper and toner. I have posted most of the assignments that were assigned the first 2 weeks of the 2009 fall semester. In addiition to these we have also had daily journals that should have been answered in class as well as one quiz and one test on chapter 1. The first assegnment for chapter 2 on chemistry is the previous post. It is due on Tuesday, Sept.8th. If you have questions that are not answered here, please ask them in class or email me at (jvaught@hardingfinearts.org). If you do facebook, feel free to friend me through the same address. (If you try to friend me through my other facebook account I will not accept it. Please do not take this personally) |
chapter 2, worksheet A
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization Directions: The following is an outline of chapter 2. As you read all of chapter 2, fill in the blanks of the outline. Answer any numbered questions. Draw the structures when instructions tell you so. Matter: Atoms and Molecules Atoms • Smallest unit of an element • Subatomic particles are made of • ______________: (+) charge • ______________: neutral • ______________: (-) charge Structure of an atom • Nucleus is made of _____________ and _____________ • Electron Shell Structure of atom • Atomic number • Equals number of _______________ • Atomic mass • Equals _____________ + _______________ • Isotopes of element • Reflects number of _________________ • Atomic weight • Averages _______________ abundances Structure of atom • Electrons surround _______________ • Electrons organized in shells (layers) • The _____________ shell determines chemical properties Draw atoms of carbon and neon with their electron shells (as fig. 2-3). Notice that the first shell can only hole 2 electrons but the second shell can hold up to 8 electrons. Atoms are most stable when their outer electron shell is full. Why do you think hydrogen likes to form a single bond with other atoms but carbon likes to form 4 bonds with other atoms? Key Note All matter is composed of atoms in various combinations. Their interactions establish the foundations of physiology at the cellular level. Chemical Bonds and Compounds • Atoms bond in chemical reactions • Reactions transfer electrons • Electrons are gained, lost, or shared • Molecules or compounds result • Compounds contain several _______________ Ionic Bonds • Atoms gain or lose electrons • Charged atoms are ions • Ions bear (+) or (-) charge • ______________ have (+) charge • ______________ have (-) charge • Cations and anions attract • Ions form bonds (example: Sodium chloride crystal) Draw sodium and chloride ions with their electron shells (fig 2-4). What are other common ions in our body fluids? Covalent bonds • Some atoms share electrons • Shared electrons complete outer shell • Sharing atoms bond covalently • Single covalent bond • One shared _______________ • Double covalent bond • ________ shared electrons Draw the structure of an oxygen molecule (fig 2-5) showing the electron shells and the shared electrons. How many bonds are there between the Oxygen atoms? Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds • Equal electron sharing • _______________ covalent bonds • Example: carbon-carbon bonds • Non-equal electron sharing • ___________ covalent bonds • Example: oxygen-hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds • Weak attractive force • Between two neighboring atoms • A polar-bonded hydrogen, and • A polar-bonded oxygen or nitrogen • For example, between water molecules Draw polar water molecules (fig. 2-6) Explain why water molecules have a tendency to stick together. Chemical Reactions Metabolism All the chemical reactions in the body • Consumes r______________ • Produces p______________ • Breaks or makes chemical bonds between atoms Basic Energy Concepts • Work—______________ or ______________ in matter's physical structure • E.g., running, synthesis • Energy—ability to do ________ • Potential energy—____________ energy • Kinetic energy—energy of _________________ Describe or illustrate examples of potential and kinetic energy. 3 types of reactions Decomposition—breaks molecule into smaller pieces • In chemical notation: • AB ® A + B • Releases covalent bond energy • Hydrolysis—Decomposition reaction with H•OH • E.g., food digestion • Catabolism—Sum of all the body's decomposition reactions Synthesis Reactions • In chemical notation: • A + B ® AB • Absorbs _____________ • Formation of new bonds • Dehydration synthesis • Removal of H•OH between molecules • Anabolism—Sum of the body's synthesis reactions Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules • In chemical notation: • AB + CD ® AC + BD • Decomposition and synthesis Reversible Reactions • A + B « AB • Equilibrium—Condition when the f____________ and r______________ reactions occur at the same rate Key Note When energy is exchanged, heat is produced. Heat raises local temperatures, but cells cannot capture it or use it to perform work. Enzymes and Reactions Activation Energy Quantity of energy needed to start a chemical reaction • Catalysts r__________ activation energy to speed reaction • Enzymes c___________ cellular reactions Exergonic—Reactions that r______________ energy • E.g., decomposition reactions Endergonic—Reactions that c________________ energy • E.g., synthesis reactions Draw a picture illustrating how an enzyme catalyzes a reaction (see fig 2-7). |
sample yoga pose
| The following is the an example of instructions of how to do a yoga pose using anotomical positions. The pose is called the half-moon pose. 1. Stand with both pes touching at the halux and the calcaneus, keeping the lumbar and dorsum straight and the upper limbs pressed slightly against the sides with the palms facing medially against your femor. 2. Bring your manos together ventrally, palmar regions touching, and pressing slightly medially. 3. Contract your diaphram, moving it inferiorally, and move your manos in the superior direction while keeping them pressed slightly together. 4. Arch your trunk backward at the lumbar, dorsum, and cervical regions, keeping your brachium next to your cercical and cranial region, tilt the cephalon back. Keep your popliteus straight while holding this posture. 5. Slowly return to anatomical position. |
homework and review
| Read the summary outline on page 24-25. Then answer all the review questions on page 26-27 (questions 1-30). The chapter 1 exam will be comprehensive so any information from prior homework assignments and quizzes may be tested. |
quiz of anatomical terms
There will be a quiz on all the anotomical landmarks, regions, directionsal terms, and planes of section (see figures and tables page 17-20). The quiz will be mostly matching of the terms from figure 1-6 with a few short answer questions using the knowledge from the other figures and tables. |
yoga pose assignment
Assignment: Choose a yoga pose and learn how to perform it. Write the instructions on how to do the pose using at least 10 anotomical terms from chapter 10. These can include anotomical positions, directions, and anotomical landmarks. Class will then meet in the dance studio where we will take turns teaching the poses to the rest of the class. Grading: 10 poiints will be awarded for each anotomical term used. 5 points will be awarded for teaching it to the rest of the class on the proposed date. |
chap 1 worksheet
Anatomy and physiology reading and study guide for chapter 1, simplified. Assignment: Read and outline chapter 1. Read the chapter objectives first so that you have an idea of what the most important themes will be. Because this is a college level text, the vocabulary is very dense and there is a great amount of information presented at once. Many of the details are beyond the scope of this course so I do not expect you to learn all of them but would like you to be exposed to all of them by reading it at least once. The following is a list of things that I believe are the highlights of the chapter that we should all learn. As you read and outline you should focus on answering the following questions and defining the following terms. (Page #s are in parenthesis)
i. Anatomical ii. Supine iii. Prone
i. Anterior ii. Posterior iii. Ventral iv. Dorsal v. vi. Inferior vii. Medial viii. Distal ix. Lateral x. Proximal xi. Caudal xii. cephalic xiii. Cranial xiv. Superficial xv. Deep
i. Ventral 1. Thoracic (21) 2. diaphragm (20, 21) 3. Abdominopelvic (22)
i. Transverse ii. Frontal/coronal iii. Sagittal/midsagittal
What is the difference between X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds? (23) In addition, you should learn the regions of the body in table 1-1, page 16, and the anatomical landmarks in figure 1-6, page 17. |
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)