chapter 2, worksheet B

Chapter 2, chemistry, worksheet B Due Friday, Sept. 14th, 2009
Directions: The following is an outline of the second half of chapter 2. As you read, fill in the blanks of the outline. Answer questions. Draw the structures when instructions tell you so.

Inorganic Compounds
What are Nutrients?
What are metabolites?
Define inorganic molecules and give 3 examples that are important to people.


Why are 4 properties of water that make it important to our bodies?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water and its properties
• Most important body chemical
• Excellent s_____________
• High __________ capacity
• Essential chemical reactant
Water Dissociates I__________ Bonds
Key Note
Water accounts for most of your body weight. Proteins, key components of cells, and nucleic acids, which control cells, work only in s______________

Inorganic Acids and Bases
• Acid—Releases h____________ ions (H+) into solution
• E.g., HCl ® H+ + Cl-
• Base—Removes h______________ ions from solution
• E.g., NaOH + H+ ® Na+ + H•0H
pH
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
• _________________ solution—pH = 7
• _____________ solution—pH below 7
• ___________ solution—pH above 7
What is the pH of stomach bile and blood?
Buffers
• Maintain pH within normal limits (pH 7.____ to pH 7.____)
• ______________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too basic
• _____________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too acidic
Salt
An ionic compound not containing _____ or _______
•Salts are electrolytes
•Electrolytes d_____________ in water
• E.g., NaCl ® Na+ + Cl-
Why do you think electrolytes dissociate in water? (see fig 2-8)

•Electrolytes carry ________________ currents in the body

Organic Compounds
• Contain ___________, ___________, and usually __________.
• Important classes of organic compounds include:

Carbohydrates
• Most important energy source for metabolism
• Three major types
• Monosaccharides (E.g., glucose)
• Disaccharides (E.g., sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (E.g., glycogen)
How are they different?
Are they soluble in water?
Can all of them be digested?
What is the primary shape of sugars?
Draw an example of each a monosaccharide and a disaccharide.

Lipids
• Water-i________________
• Four important classes
• Fatty acids
End in a _________________ acid group
Draw a carboxylic acid group.

Three Fatty acids can be attached to a ______________ to form a _______________________.
• Fats
Fats are primarily made of what two elements?
What is their primary shape?
How are the bonds of saturated and unsaturated fats different?

How are saturated and unsaturated fats different at room temperature?

• Steroids
How are steroids used by our body?
How are steroids shaped?

Cholesterol –
Where does our body get cholesterol?
• Phospholipids
How is a phospholipid different than a triglyceride?

How are phospholipids used in our bodies?

Draw a phospholipid and label the water soluble and water insoluble parts.



Proteins
• Most abundant organic component in human body
• About _________________ different proteins
• Made of the elements c__________, n__________, o___________, h___________, and a bit of sulfur
Give examples of how proteins play vital roles in:
• Support

• Movement

• Transport

• Buffering

• Regulation

• Defense

Proteins are built from ____________ ___________.
Draw an amino acid as in fig 2-16 (a)

How many amino acids are there?
How are the amino acids different?
Peptide bonds join amino acids into long strings
Protein Structure
• “R” groups interact with their neighbors and with solvent
• Amino acid chain folds and twists into complex shape
• Final ____________ determines function
• High ___________ distorts shape
Denaturation –
• Distorted proteins don’t ____________
Enzyme Function
• Substrates (reactants) bind to active site on enzyme surface
• Binding lowers activation energy needed for reaction
• Substrates react to form product
• Product is released from enzyme surface
How is an enzyme like a dating service?

Nucleic Acids
• Large molecules
• Built from which 5 elements?
• Store and process molecular information
• Two classes of nucleic acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
How are DNA and RNA structures different?

How are they used differently by the body?

What are the 5 nucleotides?

Which nucleotides are found in DNA?

Which nucleotides are found in RNA?

Which nucleotides pair up in DNA?

Draw the structure of a nucleic acid


Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
• Sugar-phosphate bonds link nucleotides in long strands
• Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA strands in a double helix
High-Energy Compounds
• Catabolism releases energy
• Cells store energy in high-energy compounds
• High-energy compounds drive endergonic reactions
What dies endergonic mean?
• ATP is the most important high-energy compound in cells
How is ATP different than ADP?
• ATP keeps cells alive!
Draw the structure of ATP.

Do you think ATP would be water soluble (why or why not)?