This week we are finishing chapter 6 on the skeletal system and starting chapter 7 on the muscular system.
Corrections to the exam are due on Tuesday, November 17th.
Besides the worksheets posted here which a the backbone to outlines of the chapter, we have several coloring sheets which will be handed out in class. I do not have electronic versions of these.
Also, we are learning the major skeletal muscles on p. 205 and 206.
Monday, November 16, 2009
worksheet 7D, due Monday, Nov. 23rd
Things that should be in your outline 7d (p198 – 203)
The energetics of muscular contraction
Muscles use lots of energy in the form of ATP
How much?
How much ATP is stored?
How do we make more?
Creatine
Creatine phosphate (CP)
How is ATP used to make CP?
How is CP used to make ATP?
This regulated by the enzyme __________________________.
How long can CP stores be used to make ATP?
ATP generation
Aerobic metabolism
Reactants and products
TCA, citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle
In mitochondria
Pyruvic acid
Resting skeletal muscles rely on ________________________for energy.
ATP generation in mitochondria is limited by ______________________.
Oxygen consumption can increase _______X but energy use may increase __________X
Anaerobic metabolism
Glycolosis –
In cytoplasm
ATP production is much lower than ______________________.
Can continue without ______________.
Glycogen – is a poly_______________ made of __________________.
Is stored in _____________________
Stored in the ____________________.
Energy use and level of skeletal activity
Resting skeletal muscle
Peak activity – use glycolysis
Which has drawbacks
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Lowers the pH à
Inefficient, produces only _________ ATP molecules
Muscle fatigue (define)
Caused by
Endurance athletes
Sprinters
The recovery period –
Lactic acid recycling
Uses oxygen to make _________________.
Oxygen debt
Liver cells
Sweat glands
Breathing rate
Heat loss
Blood flow
Muscle Performance
Force
Endurance
Two major factors that determine muscle performance
1.
2.
Fast-twitch fibers
· Size
· Tension
· Fatigue
Slow-twitch fibers
· Smaller
· Slower
· Endurance
· Three specialization
1. oxygen supply
2. oxygen storage
myoglobin
3. oxygen use – have more _______________
Distribution of muscle fibers and muscle performance
White muscle – made of
Red muscle
The percentage of fast and slow fibers is determined by __________________.
Physical Conditioning – training
Anaerobic endurance
Hypertrophy
Aerobic endurance
Carboload
See concept check question on 202
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the ______________
Intercalated discs
Gap junctions
All contract at the same time
Five important functional differences of cardiac muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Smooth muscle
Similar to cardiac __________________________________________________
Found in _________________________________________________________
Have structural and functional differences from cardiac and skeletal muscles
See concept check questions p. 203
The energetics of muscular contraction
Muscles use lots of energy in the form of ATP
How much?
How much ATP is stored?
How do we make more?
Creatine
Creatine phosphate (CP)
How is ATP used to make CP?
How is CP used to make ATP?
This regulated by the enzyme __________________________.
How long can CP stores be used to make ATP?
ATP generation
Aerobic metabolism
Reactants and products
TCA, citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle
In mitochondria
Pyruvic acid
Resting skeletal muscles rely on ________________________for energy.
ATP generation in mitochondria is limited by ______________________.
Oxygen consumption can increase _______X but energy use may increase __________X
Anaerobic metabolism
Glycolosis –
In cytoplasm
ATP production is much lower than ______________________.
Can continue without ______________.
Glycogen – is a poly_______________ made of __________________.
Is stored in _____________________
Stored in the ____________________.
Energy use and level of skeletal activity
Resting skeletal muscle
Peak activity – use glycolysis
Which has drawbacks
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Lowers the pH à
Inefficient, produces only _________ ATP molecules
Muscle fatigue (define)
Caused by
Endurance athletes
Sprinters
The recovery period –
Lactic acid recycling
Uses oxygen to make _________________.
Oxygen debt
Liver cells
Sweat glands
Breathing rate
Heat loss
Blood flow
Muscle Performance
Force
Endurance
Two major factors that determine muscle performance
1.
2.
Fast-twitch fibers
· Size
· Tension
· Fatigue
Slow-twitch fibers
· Smaller
· Slower
· Endurance
· Three specialization
1. oxygen supply
2. oxygen storage
myoglobin
3. oxygen use – have more _______________
Distribution of muscle fibers and muscle performance
White muscle – made of
Red muscle
The percentage of fast and slow fibers is determined by __________________.
Physical Conditioning – training
Anaerobic endurance
Hypertrophy
Aerobic endurance
Carboload
See concept check question on 202
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the ______________
Intercalated discs
Gap junctions
All contract at the same time
Five important functional differences of cardiac muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Smooth muscle
Similar to cardiac __________________________________________________
Found in _________________________________________________________
Have structural and functional differences from cardiac and skeletal muscles
See concept check questions p. 203
worksheet 7C, due Thursday 11-19-09
Things that should be in your outline 7c (p194-198)
Muscle mechanics
Individual muscle cells are connected and tied together by connective tissue
Tension
Collagen fibers
Resistance
Resistance depends on –
Compression
Muscles can only –
The amount of tension depends on –
Tension produced by an individual muscle fiber depends on:
1.
2.
Tension produced by an entire skeletal muscle is determined by:
1.
2.
Frequency of muscle fiber stimulation
Twitch
Myogram
Latent period
msec
contraction phase
relaxation phase
see fig 7-6
summation
incomplete tetanus
complete tetanus
see fig 7-7
disease tetanus
The number of muscle fiber involved
Motor unit
See fig 7-8
Recruitment
Peak tension production occurs when
Muscle tone
Atrophy
Why is physical therapy important?
Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
What three things cause muscles to elongate?
Muscle mechanics
Individual muscle cells are connected and tied together by connective tissue
Tension
Collagen fibers
Resistance
Resistance depends on –
Compression
Muscles can only –
The amount of tension depends on –
Tension produced by an individual muscle fiber depends on:
1.
2.
Tension produced by an entire skeletal muscle is determined by:
1.
2.
Frequency of muscle fiber stimulation
Twitch
Myogram
Latent period
msec
contraction phase
relaxation phase
see fig 7-6
summation
incomplete tetanus
complete tetanus
see fig 7-7
disease tetanus
The number of muscle fiber involved
Motor unit
See fig 7-8
Recruitment
Peak tension production occurs when
Muscle tone
Atrophy
Why is physical therapy important?
Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
What three things cause muscles to elongate?
worksheet 7B, due Wednesday 11-18-09
Things that should be in your outline 7b (p190-194)
Control of Muscle fiber contraction
Controlled by the __________ system
Neuromuscular junction
Motor neuron
Synaptic terminal
Acetlycholine
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
Motor end plate
Acetylcholinesterase
Action potential
4 steps in the function of the neuromuscular junction
1.
2.
3.
4.
This trigger the release of _____________ ions
Contraction cycle requires the mineral ____________
ADP
Phosphate
ATP
5 steps of the contraction cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Be able to answer concept check questions (193)
Rigor mortis
See table 7-1 for a summary of the steps involved in muscle contraction
Control of Muscle fiber contraction
Controlled by the __________ system
Neuromuscular junction
Motor neuron
Synaptic terminal
Acetlycholine
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
Motor end plate
Acetylcholinesterase
Action potential
4 steps in the function of the neuromuscular junction
1.
2.
3.
4.
This trigger the release of _____________ ions
Contraction cycle requires the mineral ____________
ADP
Phosphate
ATP
5 steps of the contraction cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Be able to answer concept check questions (193)
Rigor mortis
See table 7-1 for a summary of the steps involved in muscle contraction
worksheet 7A, due Monday, 11-16-09
Things that should be in your outline 7a (p185-190)
3 types of muscle
Skeletal muscles are made of –
How many skeletal muscles
5 functions of skeletal muscle
Sarkos
Mys
Gross anatomy
Epimysium
Perimysium
Fasicles
Endomysium
Tendon
How do tendons attach to bone?
Blood vessels
Nerves
Voluntary muscles
Microanatomy
Size of skeletal muscle cells
Multinucleate
Sarcolema
Transverse tubules
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Thin filaments
Thick filaments
Glycogen
Sarcomeres
Smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber
Z line
M line
A band
I band
Active site
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Myosin molecule
Sliding filament theory
Cross bridges
Concept check questions (190)
3 types of muscle
Skeletal muscles are made of –
How many skeletal muscles
5 functions of skeletal muscle
Sarkos
Mys
Gross anatomy
Epimysium
Perimysium
Fasicles
Endomysium
Tendon
How do tendons attach to bone?
Blood vessels
Nerves
Voluntary muscles
Microanatomy
Size of skeletal muscle cells
Multinucleate
Sarcolema
Transverse tubules
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Thin filaments
Thick filaments
Glycogen
Sarcomeres
Smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber
Z line
M line
A band
I band
Active site
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Myosin molecule
Sliding filament theory
Cross bridges
Concept check questions (190)
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
yoga posture assignment
Choose a yoga posture to teach to the rest of the class (a different one than you taught before).
Write instructions on how to do the yoga posture using at least 10 skeletal terms, 5 motion terms, from page 168-170, and 5 synovial joint function terms from page 171. We will work on this in class on Wednesday, finish them as homework and will teach them at a later date.
Write instructions on how to do the yoga posture using at least 10 skeletal terms, 5 motion terms, from page 168-170, and 5 synovial joint function terms from page 171. We will work on this in class on Wednesday, finish them as homework and will teach them at a later date.
more skeletal flash cards, due Thursday the 5th.
Assignment:
make flash cards on the cranial bones, mandible, and maxillary bones, as well as the different movements of the skeleton on page 168, 169 adn 170.
make flash cards on the cranial bones, mandible, and maxillary bones, as well as the different movements of the skeleton on page 168, 169 adn 170.
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Learn Figure 6-2 in the text, page 137
This figure shows the macroscpoic structure of long bones. This figure will be on a quiz or exam. You will have to fill in the vocabulary words on the figure.
Worksheet 6C, due Monday, Nov. 2nd
Quiz over Outline 6c, p 157--175, Appendicular divisions and articulations
Answer all questions.
Pelvis Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
1. The appendicular skeleton made of what?
Upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
2. To what bone is the scapula attatched?
3. The ____________ articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, connecting the ______________ girdle to the thoracic cage.
Upper limb Answer 7 of the following 9 questions.
4. The upper limb begins with the ______________ bone at the proximal end, and ends with the _________________ at the distal end.
5. The _______________ is theforearm bone on lateral side when in anatomical position.
6. The ______________ is the forearm bone on medial side when in anatomical position.
7. The ______________consist of 8 bones that articulate with the radius, ulna, and the metacarpals.
8. The 4 p____________ carpals articulate with the radius and ulna.
9. The 4 d____________ carpals articulate with the metacarpals.
10. How many metacarpals are there in each hand?
11. How many phlanges are there in each hand?
12. The pollex only has ______ (how many) phlanges.
Pelvic Girdle Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
13. The pectoral girdle has bones that are part of the a_____________ skeleton as well as bones that are part of the _____________ skeleton.
14. The pelvis consists of two hip bones called the ____________, as well as the s_____________ and the c_____________ which are at the end of the spinal column.
15. Name 3 ways the male and female elvis differ.
Lower limb Answer 5 of the following 6 questions.
16. The pelvis articulates with the ____________ at the acetabulum, forming a ball and socket joint.
17. The ___________ is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.
18. The crural region, distal to the femur, is made up of two bones. The larger one is called the ___________ while the smaller one is called the ____________.
19. The tarsals articulate with the ______________ proximally and the ____________ distally.
20. There are 7 ____________ bones in the foot which include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuoid and 3 cuniform bones.
21. The metatarsals articulate with the ______________ and the _______________.
Articulations Answer 4 of the following 6 questions.
22. Define articulation.
23. Joint compromise the need for strength and the need for _________________.
24. Fiborous and cartilaginous joints are two types of _____________ tissue (hint: they connect or bind bones together)
25. Describe and give an example of a synarthrosis joint.
26. Describe and give an example of a amphiarthrosis joint.
27. Describe and give an example of a diarthrosis joint.
Synovial joins and movement. Answer 4 of the following 5 questions.
28. What is the difference between flexion, extension, and hyperextension?
29. What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
30. What is the difference between circumduction and rotation?
31. Describe one of the following special movements: inversion, dorsiflexion, opposition, protraction, or elevation.
32. Describe two of the following synovial joints and give example of where they occur.
Gliding joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ellipsoidal joint, saddle joint, or ball and socket joint
Answer all questions.
Pelvis Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
1. The appendicular skeleton made of what?
Upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
2. To what bone is the scapula attatched?
3. The ____________ articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, connecting the ______________ girdle to the thoracic cage.
Upper limb Answer 7 of the following 9 questions.
4. The upper limb begins with the ______________ bone at the proximal end, and ends with the _________________ at the distal end.
5. The _______________ is theforearm bone on lateral side when in anatomical position.
6. The ______________ is the forearm bone on medial side when in anatomical position.
7. The ______________consist of 8 bones that articulate with the radius, ulna, and the metacarpals.
8. The 4 p____________ carpals articulate with the radius and ulna.
9. The 4 d____________ carpals articulate with the metacarpals.
10. How many metacarpals are there in each hand?
11. How many phlanges are there in each hand?
12. The pollex only has ______ (how many) phlanges.
Pelvic Girdle Answer 2 of the following 3 questions.
13. The pectoral girdle has bones that are part of the a_____________ skeleton as well as bones that are part of the _____________ skeleton.
14. The pelvis consists of two hip bones called the ____________, as well as the s_____________ and the c_____________ which are at the end of the spinal column.
15. Name 3 ways the male and female elvis differ.
Lower limb Answer 5 of the following 6 questions.
16. The pelvis articulates with the ____________ at the acetabulum, forming a ball and socket joint.
17. The ___________ is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.
18. The crural region, distal to the femur, is made up of two bones. The larger one is called the ___________ while the smaller one is called the ____________.
19. The tarsals articulate with the ______________ proximally and the ____________ distally.
20. There are 7 ____________ bones in the foot which include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuoid and 3 cuniform bones.
21. The metatarsals articulate with the ______________ and the _______________.
Articulations Answer 4 of the following 6 questions.
22. Define articulation.
23. Joint compromise the need for strength and the need for _________________.
24. Fiborous and cartilaginous joints are two types of _____________ tissue (hint: they connect or bind bones together)
25. Describe and give an example of a synarthrosis joint.
26. Describe and give an example of a amphiarthrosis joint.
27. Describe and give an example of a diarthrosis joint.
Synovial joins and movement. Answer 4 of the following 5 questions.
28. What is the difference between flexion, extension, and hyperextension?
29. What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
30. What is the difference between circumduction and rotation?
31. Describe one of the following special movements: inversion, dorsiflexion, opposition, protraction, or elevation.
32. Describe two of the following synovial joints and give example of where they occur.
Gliding joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ellipsoidal joint, saddle joint, or ball and socket joint
worksheet 6B, due Thursdaym, Oct. 29th
Quiz over Outline 6b, p 142-157, bone remodeling, homeostasis, aging, axial divisions.
Answer all questions.
Answer 4 of the following 6 questions about homeostasis.
1. Explain how the skeleton is used for homeostasis? (hint: there is a common mineral involved.)
2. What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
3. What roles do osteoblasts and osteoclasts have in remodeling bones?
4. What happens if bones are not stressed regularly?
5. How are hormones involved in homeostasis of calcium levels?
6. Why is homeostasis of calcium levels important?
Answer 3 of the following 4 questions about bone fractures and healing.
What two things are necessary for a fracture to heal?
What are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair?
3. How long does it typically take to heal a fractured bone?
4. Describe what a fracture hematoma is.
Answer 3 of the following 5 questions about bone markings and skeletal divisions.
Name and describe 3 different surface features of bones.
What is a foramen?
What is sinus?
How many separate bones are there in the adult human skeleton?
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Answer 6 of the following 9 questions about the skull.
The skull is made up of _________(how many) bones, _______ form the cranium and ______ are associated with the face. (answer with numbers)
Auditory occicles are associated with what sense organs?
The supraorbital foramen is superior to what sense organs?
Where are the parietal bones located?
What bones does the coronal suture connect?
What goes through the foramen magnum?
Why do we move the mandible?
Where is the maxillary bone?
How is the skull of infants different than that of an adult?
Answer 9 of the following 12 questions about the vertebral column.
The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones, 24 v___________, as well as the s__________ and the c_________.
How are the bones of the cervical region named?
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
How are the lumbar vertebrae different than the other vertebrae?
What is the role of the intervertebral discs and where are they located?
The sacrum is a single bone formed by the fusion of _______ __________ __________.
What is the difference between primary and secondary spinal curves?
What goes through the vertebral foramen?
What is on top of the atlas (C1)?
The atlas rotates on the ___________.
When do the sacral vertebrae fuse?
What bone of the axial column has extensive attachments for leg muscles?
Answer all questions.
Answer 4 of the following 6 questions about homeostasis.
1. Explain how the skeleton is used for homeostasis? (hint: there is a common mineral involved.)
2. What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
3. What roles do osteoblasts and osteoclasts have in remodeling bones?
4. What happens if bones are not stressed regularly?
5. How are hormones involved in homeostasis of calcium levels?
6. Why is homeostasis of calcium levels important?
Answer 3 of the following 4 questions about bone fractures and healing.
What two things are necessary for a fracture to heal?
What are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair?
3. How long does it typically take to heal a fractured bone?
4. Describe what a fracture hematoma is.
Answer 3 of the following 5 questions about bone markings and skeletal divisions.
Name and describe 3 different surface features of bones.
What is a foramen?
What is sinus?
How many separate bones are there in the adult human skeleton?
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Answer 6 of the following 9 questions about the skull.
The skull is made up of _________(how many) bones, _______ form the cranium and ______ are associated with the face. (answer with numbers)
Auditory occicles are associated with what sense organs?
The supraorbital foramen is superior to what sense organs?
Where are the parietal bones located?
What bones does the coronal suture connect?
What goes through the foramen magnum?
Why do we move the mandible?
Where is the maxillary bone?
How is the skull of infants different than that of an adult?
Answer 9 of the following 12 questions about the vertebral column.
The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones, 24 v___________, as well as the s__________ and the c_________.
How are the bones of the cervical region named?
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
How are the lumbar vertebrae different than the other vertebrae?
What is the role of the intervertebral discs and where are they located?
The sacrum is a single bone formed by the fusion of _______ __________ __________.
What is the difference between primary and secondary spinal curves?
What goes through the vertebral foramen?
What is on top of the atlas (C1)?
The atlas rotates on the ___________.
When do the sacral vertebrae fuse?
What bone of the axial column has extensive attachments for leg muscles?
Worksheet 6B, Skeletal system, due Monday Oct, 26th
Worksheet 6B. Answer each of the questions from the first part of chapter 6 on the skeletal system
A). Besides bones, the skeletal system is also made up of c ______, j_________, l_________, and c__________tissue.
B). What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?
1
2
3
4
5
C). What important minerals are stored in bones?
D). What does osseous mean?
E). Most of the weight of bones comes from __________________.
Macroscopic features of bone
F). What are the four general types of bones (hint: based on shape and size)? Describe each and give an example. (you can draw a picture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
G). What part of the long bone contains the bone marrow?
H). What happens in the bone marrow?
I). What does articulation mean?
J). Why are the epiphyses (at the ends) of long bones covered with articular cartilages?
K). What is the difference between compact and spongy bone and where do each occur?
Cells in the Bone
L). What are the three primary cell types that occur in bone and what are their primary functions?
1.
2.
3.
M). Most of the bones of the skeleton are formed through ____________ ossification.
N). When sex hormones increase at puberty, how does this affect bone growth?
O). What does appositional growth mean?
P). When does ossification usually end?
Q). What two minerals are required for normal bone growth?
R). What vitamins are essential for normal bone growth?
S). How do we get vitamin D3?
A). Besides bones, the skeletal system is also made up of c ______, j_________, l_________, and c__________tissue.
B). What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?
1
2
3
4
5
C). What important minerals are stored in bones?
D). What does osseous mean?
E). Most of the weight of bones comes from __________________.
Macroscopic features of bone
F). What are the four general types of bones (hint: based on shape and size)? Describe each and give an example. (you can draw a picture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
G). What part of the long bone contains the bone marrow?
H). What happens in the bone marrow?
I). What does articulation mean?
J). Why are the epiphyses (at the ends) of long bones covered with articular cartilages?
K). What is the difference between compact and spongy bone and where do each occur?
Cells in the Bone
L). What are the three primary cell types that occur in bone and what are their primary functions?
1.
2.
3.
M). Most of the bones of the skeleton are formed through ____________ ossification.
N). When sex hormones increase at puberty, how does this affect bone growth?
O). What does appositional growth mean?
P). When does ossification usually end?
Q). What two minerals are required for normal bone growth?
R). What vitamins are essential for normal bone growth?
S). How do we get vitamin D3?
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
Need 6 sided dice for lab
We are starting a lab on probability tomorrow (Thursday the 22nd). If you bring dice I will give you extra credit. Please bring as many as possible in a baggie with you name on it so I can give you credit and get them back to you. Please bring them by at the beginning of school. Thanks. If you see this post please share it with others.
Quiz on chapter 5
There will be a short quiz on chapter 5, integumentary system, on Thursday the 22nd. There will be 10 short answer questions from the worksheet on chapter 5 that was due today. No notes or books will be allowed of the quiz.
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
absent
I will be absent on Wednesday and Monday.
Wed. we will have an exam on chapter 4. No notes will be allowed. The questions were given on Tuesday at the end of class and are also posted here.
On Monday we will begin chapter 5. The only worksheet is post here as well. It will be due on Wednesday the 21st.
Wed. we will have an exam on chapter 4. No notes will be allowed. The questions were given on Tuesday at the end of class and are also posted here.
On Monday we will begin chapter 5. The only worksheet is post here as well. It will be due on Wednesday the 21st.
chapter 5 worksheet
Integumentary System
What are the 5 functions of the integument?
2 components of the cutaneous membrane?
Layers of the epidermis and what happens in each?
Where is stratum lucidum found?
Difference between the merocrine and apocrine sweat glands, where they occur, how the sweat is different?
All the effects of skin exposure to UV light?
Where does body odor come from?
What do sebaceous glands secrete and where?
3 layers of the cutaneous membrane in order.
What causes acne?
How does your body use evaporation?
The layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the ________________.
Where is thick skin found?
What vitamin is made when the skin is exposed to UV light?
When a person blushes, why is their skin turning red?
What is the subcutaneous layer made of?
How does skin regenerate after it is wounded?
From where do epithelial cells get their nutrients?
What are four types of accessory structures of the integument?
Where does the most severe type of skin cancer develop?
What are the 5 functions of the integument?
2 components of the cutaneous membrane?
Layers of the epidermis and what happens in each?
Where is stratum lucidum found?
Difference between the merocrine and apocrine sweat glands, where they occur, how the sweat is different?
All the effects of skin exposure to UV light?
Where does body odor come from?
What do sebaceous glands secrete and where?
3 layers of the cutaneous membrane in order.
What causes acne?
How does your body use evaporation?
The layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the ________________.
Where is thick skin found?
What vitamin is made when the skin is exposed to UV light?
When a person blushes, why is their skin turning red?
What is the subcutaneous layer made of?
How does skin regenerate after it is wounded?
From where do epithelial cells get their nutrients?
What are four types of accessory structures of the integument?
Where does the most severe type of skin cancer develop?
chapter 4 exam questions
Chap 4 test: Tissues, Histology
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Where would you find epithelial tissue?
What are three of the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
How are epithelial cells classified?
What are the 3 components of connective tissue?
What are 3 of the 4 functions of connective tissue?
Give two examples of connective tissue.
What is the purpose of muscle tissue?
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
What is the purpose of neuroglia?
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Where would you find epithelial tissue?
What are three of the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
How are epithelial cells classified?
What are the 3 components of connective tissue?
What are 3 of the 4 functions of connective tissue?
Give two examples of connective tissue.
What is the purpose of muscle tissue?
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
What is the purpose of neuroglia?
4b/c worksheet tissues
Connective tissues – most diverse tissues (includes blood, bone and fat) (4B,p 99-105)
All have three basic components
1. s____________________________________________
2. p______________________________________________
3. a fluid known as ____________________________________
the extracellular protein fibers and ground substance form the _________ that surrounds the cells
the extracellular matrix accounts for most of the _________________ of connective tissues
connective tissues are never exposed to __________________________________________.
are highly vascular (_________________________________________________________)
have many sensations, like ____________________________________________________
functions of connective tissues include:
1. _____________ and ______________ (bones of skeleton)
2. ______________________________________ (fluid that move dissolved materials)
3. storage of _________________________________ (fats stored in adipose tissue)
4. _______________ of the body (produce antibodies)
Connective tissues classified based on physical properties: (see fig 4-7, p 99)
1. connective tissues proper -- contain a _________ ground substance that slows the movement of _____________ and other pathogens so they can be caught by _________________
surround the ___________________________________________________________
examples: fatty adipose tissues, tendons, and ligaments
Includes: fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells, white blood cells
Basic fiber types are:
Ø collagen fibers
Ø elastic fibers
Ø reticular fibers
connective tissue proper is categorized as:
Ø loose connective tissue – _________________________________________
Ø adipose tissue – fat cells = ___________ (provides padding, insulation, energy storage)
Ø dense connective tissue – fibrous or collageous
o tendons – connect _______________ to _______________
o ligaments – connect _______________ to _______________
2. fluid connective tissues – distinctive collections of cells suspended in a matrix of __________ ground substance containing dissolved protein (blood = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in matrix of plasma)
3. supporting connective tissues – less diverse cell than connective tissue proper and a matrix of __________________________________________________ (cartilage and bone) framework supports the rest of the body
Cartilage – between joints for padding, outer ear, connects ribs to sternum
is avascular (_______________________), so it does not ________________________
Bone – osseous tissue, matrix of hard _______________ compounds and flexible collagen fibers, ___________________ are bone cells
Unlike cartilage, bone has blood supply and can be __________________________ throughout life.
Muscle tissue – specialized for contraction, have filaments made of the ___________________
Actin (__________________________________)
Myosin (__________________________________)
3 types of muscle
_________________, _____________________, and ______________________
Skeletal muscle – large, ______________________, long and slender (________um by ______cm)
Can not divide themselves,
new ones are made through ___________________________ à partial repair
_____________________ _______________ _________________
Cardiac muscle – heart, ___________, smaller cells than skeletal muscle, usually only has a ____________ nucleus
Branched and interconnected. Some cells can duplicate but repair is usually slow and incomplete. No stem cells.
Controlled by______________________________, not by nerve activity
___________________ __________________ _________________.
Smooth muscle – in walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive and digestive
Small and slender, One nucleus, can ____________________________________________________________
May contract on their own or be triggered by neural activity.
____________________ _____________________ ___________________________
Neural Tissue – __________ tissue, nerve tissue, conducts _________ impulses from one region of the body to another
Mostly in ____________ and _________________ chord,
Neurons – communicate through electrical and chemical signals, up to a _______________ long,
usually can not divide or repair after injury,
3 main parts: see figure 4-14, p 109.
1. _________ ___________ containing a large nucleus
2. numerous branching projections called dendrites that ________ information (usually form other neurons)
3. one long axon (also called a _______ ______) that carries signals to other cells, end in ________ _______
Neuroglia – supporting cells, provide __________ ___________, supply ___________, defend from infection
Tissues are not independent of one another. They depend on each other and are coordinated to maintain _____________.
After injury you have inflammation or an inflammatory response, _________ the damaged tissue from healthy tissues
while cleanup occurs, (produces _________, warmth, redness, and pain). This can result from an infection by pathogens
such as bacteria, or by impact, tearing, abrasion, chemical irritation, or extreme temperatures.
After inflammation, damaged tissues are repaired or replaced by the process called _____________ in which fibroblasts
produce a dense network of collagen called _______ tissue or _________ tissue. Eventually this is remodeled to normal
appearance.
Some tissues ________or _______ quickly like most epithelial, connective tissues (except cartilage) and smooth muscle
Some tissues can not remodel very well. When ______ or ______ is damaged, it is replaced by fibrous connective tissue
but does not remodel. This is called ____________.
__________ and ________________ of repair decrease with age, hormonal changes, and lifestyle.
____________ get thinner, connective tissue gets more fragile, bruise more easily, and ____________ become brittle.
Cumulative damage adds up to major health problems, like ______________ _____________ and mental deterioration.
All have three basic components
1. s____________________________________________
2. p______________________________________________
3. a fluid known as ____________________________________
the extracellular protein fibers and ground substance form the _________ that surrounds the cells
the extracellular matrix accounts for most of the _________________ of connective tissues
connective tissues are never exposed to __________________________________________.
are highly vascular (_________________________________________________________)
have many sensations, like ____________________________________________________
functions of connective tissues include:
1. _____________ and ______________ (bones of skeleton)
2. ______________________________________ (fluid that move dissolved materials)
3. storage of _________________________________ (fats stored in adipose tissue)
4. _______________ of the body (produce antibodies)
Connective tissues classified based on physical properties: (see fig 4-7, p 99)
1. connective tissues proper -- contain a _________ ground substance that slows the movement of _____________ and other pathogens so they can be caught by _________________
surround the ___________________________________________________________
examples: fatty adipose tissues, tendons, and ligaments
Includes: fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells, white blood cells
Basic fiber types are:
Ø collagen fibers
Ø elastic fibers
Ø reticular fibers
connective tissue proper is categorized as:
Ø loose connective tissue – _________________________________________
Ø adipose tissue – fat cells = ___________ (provides padding, insulation, energy storage)
Ø dense connective tissue – fibrous or collageous
o tendons – connect _______________ to _______________
o ligaments – connect _______________ to _______________
2. fluid connective tissues – distinctive collections of cells suspended in a matrix of __________ ground substance containing dissolved protein (blood = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in matrix of plasma)
3. supporting connective tissues – less diverse cell than connective tissue proper and a matrix of __________________________________________________ (cartilage and bone) framework supports the rest of the body
Cartilage – between joints for padding, outer ear, connects ribs to sternum
is avascular (_______________________), so it does not ________________________
Bone – osseous tissue, matrix of hard _______________ compounds and flexible collagen fibers, ___________________ are bone cells
Unlike cartilage, bone has blood supply and can be __________________________ throughout life.
Muscle tissue – specialized for contraction, have filaments made of the ___________________
Actin (__________________________________)
Myosin (__________________________________)
3 types of muscle
_________________, _____________________, and ______________________
Skeletal muscle – large, ______________________, long and slender (________um by ______cm)
Can not divide themselves,
new ones are made through ___________________________ à partial repair
_____________________ _______________ _________________
Cardiac muscle – heart, ___________, smaller cells than skeletal muscle, usually only has a ____________ nucleus
Branched and interconnected. Some cells can duplicate but repair is usually slow and incomplete. No stem cells.
Controlled by______________________________, not by nerve activity
___________________ __________________ _________________.
Smooth muscle – in walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive and digestive
Small and slender, One nucleus, can ____________________________________________________________
May contract on their own or be triggered by neural activity.
____________________ _____________________ ___________________________
Neural Tissue – __________ tissue, nerve tissue, conducts _________ impulses from one region of the body to another
Mostly in ____________ and _________________ chord,
Neurons – communicate through electrical and chemical signals, up to a _______________ long,
usually can not divide or repair after injury,
3 main parts: see figure 4-14, p 109.
1. _________ ___________ containing a large nucleus
2. numerous branching projections called dendrites that ________ information (usually form other neurons)
3. one long axon (also called a _______ ______) that carries signals to other cells, end in ________ _______
Neuroglia – supporting cells, provide __________ ___________, supply ___________, defend from infection
Tissues are not independent of one another. They depend on each other and are coordinated to maintain _____________.
After injury you have inflammation or an inflammatory response, _________ the damaged tissue from healthy tissues
while cleanup occurs, (produces _________, warmth, redness, and pain). This can result from an infection by pathogens
such as bacteria, or by impact, tearing, abrasion, chemical irritation, or extreme temperatures.
After inflammation, damaged tissues are repaired or replaced by the process called _____________ in which fibroblasts
produce a dense network of collagen called _______ tissue or _________ tissue. Eventually this is remodeled to normal
appearance.
Some tissues ________or _______ quickly like most epithelial, connective tissues (except cartilage) and smooth muscle
Some tissues can not remodel very well. When ______ or ______ is damaged, it is replaced by fibrous connective tissue
but does not remodel. This is called ____________.
__________ and ________________ of repair decrease with age, hormonal changes, and lifestyle.
____________ get thinner, connective tissue gets more fragile, bruise more easily, and ____________ become brittle.
Cumulative damage adds up to major health problems, like ______________ _____________ and mental deterioration.
4a worksheet
Chapter 4a outline, Tissues, epithelial (p88-98)
of trillions of cells there are only about ________ different types of cells
Tissues –
Histology – the study of
4 basic types of tissues
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial tissues –
Epithilia –
Glands –
Characteristics of epithelia
1. cells
2. a free
3. attach to
4. absence of
5. ___________________________________continually replaced
Skin, line internal passageways (digestive, reproductive and urinary
Also line internal cavaties (chest, brain, eye, inner ear)
Line the blood vessels and the heart
4 essential functions of Epithelia
1. provide ___________________________(from _________________ ________________________________________________________).
2. control ___________________ (some are impermeable, others are more permeable)
3. provide ____________________ (touch, heat)
4. produce _______________________________ (from glands)
exocrine –
enzymes in the digestive tract, perspiration in skin, milk from mammary glands
endocrine –
hormones – __________________________________ that regulate _______________
_________________________________________________________________.
Intercellular connections
Epithelial cells held together by
____________________________________________________ (CAMs) and
____________________ cement (made of a protein—polysaccharide mixture)
Cell junctions –
1. tight junctions –
2. gap junctions – ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________(in cardiac and smooth muscle where coordinated contraction is important).
3. desmosomes – durable __________________________________________________________________ (abundant in superficial layers of the skin)
The epithelial surface
Apical surface often lined with _________________________ (for absorbtion and secretion to take place)
This increases the surface area up to ________x (more surface area à more transport proteins)
Ciliated epithelium have as much as _______ ______________ that move material across the surface
(in the respiratory tract, moves mucus-trapped air away from the lungs)
The Basement Membrane – connects to the rest of the body
A network of _________ ____________ that lay between the epithelium and underlying connective tissues
A barrier that restricts ____________________________________________________________________
Epithelial renewal and repair – maintained through _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ near the basement membrane.
Classifying epithelia (see table 4.1 and fig. 4-4, 4-5, page 93-95)
By number of layers
simple = _____________________________________ (fragile)
stratified = ___________________________________ (more protection)
Shape of cells
Squamous – _______________________ ____________________________ (like a fried egg)
Cuboidal – ________________________________________________________
Columnar – __________________________________________________________
Glandular Epithelia
Exocrine secretions produced by ____________ __________, discharged through ______________ or tubes
Endocrine secretion (hormones) produced by __________________ and released into ______________________.
Exocrine glands can be classified by mode of secretion (see figure 4-6, table 4.2, p 97)
Merocrine secretion – released by ___________________
Apocrine secretion – involves the loss of both _________________ and ____________________________.
Holocrine secretion – entire ____________________________________________ bursts to release secretion
of trillions of cells there are only about ________ different types of cells
Tissues –
Histology – the study of
4 basic types of tissues
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial tissues –
Epithilia –
Glands –
Characteristics of epithelia
1. cells
2. a free
3. attach to
4. absence of
5. ___________________________________continually replaced
Skin, line internal passageways (digestive, reproductive and urinary
Also line internal cavaties (chest, brain, eye, inner ear)
Line the blood vessels and the heart
4 essential functions of Epithelia
1. provide ___________________________(from _________________ ________________________________________________________).
2. control ___________________ (some are impermeable, others are more permeable)
3. provide ____________________ (touch, heat)
4. produce _______________________________ (from glands)
exocrine –
enzymes in the digestive tract, perspiration in skin, milk from mammary glands
endocrine –
hormones – __________________________________ that regulate _______________
_________________________________________________________________.
Intercellular connections
Epithelial cells held together by
____________________________________________________ (CAMs) and
____________________ cement (made of a protein—polysaccharide mixture)
Cell junctions –
1. tight junctions –
2. gap junctions – ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________(in cardiac and smooth muscle where coordinated contraction is important).
3. desmosomes – durable __________________________________________________________________ (abundant in superficial layers of the skin)
The epithelial surface
Apical surface often lined with _________________________ (for absorbtion and secretion to take place)
This increases the surface area up to ________x (more surface area à more transport proteins)
Ciliated epithelium have as much as _______ ______________ that move material across the surface
(in the respiratory tract, moves mucus-trapped air away from the lungs)
The Basement Membrane – connects to the rest of the body
A network of _________ ____________ that lay between the epithelium and underlying connective tissues
A barrier that restricts ____________________________________________________________________
Epithelial renewal and repair – maintained through _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ near the basement membrane.
Classifying epithelia (see table 4.1 and fig. 4-4, 4-5, page 93-95)
By number of layers
simple = _____________________________________ (fragile)
stratified = ___________________________________ (more protection)
Shape of cells
Squamous – _______________________ ____________________________ (like a fried egg)
Cuboidal – ________________________________________________________
Columnar – __________________________________________________________
Glandular Epithelia
Exocrine secretions produced by ____________ __________, discharged through ______________ or tubes
Endocrine secretion (hormones) produced by __________________ and released into ______________________.
Exocrine glands can be classified by mode of secretion (see figure 4-6, table 4.2, p 97)
Merocrine secretion – released by ___________________
Apocrine secretion – involves the loss of both _________________ and ____________________________.
Holocrine secretion – entire ____________________________________________ bursts to release secretion
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
There will be an exam on chapter 3, Cells, tomorrow. It will cover the material on the 4 worksheets from chapter 3 (A, B, C, and D) as well as material covered in class.
It will be graded on a 100 point scale but there will be 140 points possible if you get all the bonus questions correct as well. I will deduct 40 points if you have to use your notes and worksheets and 60 points if you have to use your book. In other words, if you use your notes only you can still earn a 100 (A+) and if you use your book (because you did not do your homework) you can still earn an 80 (B-). If you study a lot you can earn up to 40 bonus points.
Study well.
It will be graded on a 100 point scale but there will be 140 points possible if you get all the bonus questions correct as well. I will deduct 40 points if you have to use your notes and worksheets and 60 points if you have to use your book. In other words, if you use your notes only you can still earn a 100 (A+) and if you use your book (because you did not do your homework) you can still earn an 80 (B-). If you study a lot you can earn up to 40 bonus points.
Study well.
Friday, September 18, 2009
worksheet 3D, due Monday, Sept 28th.
Chapter 3d, Nucleus and Genetic Code, worksheet/outline (page 75-83)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Nucleus –
Control center, stores the genes for _______________different proteins
See structure of a typical nucleus (figure 3-16)
Nuclear envelope –
Nucleoplasm –
Nucleopores –
Nucleoli –
Chromosome structure –
Human body cells have _______ pairs of chromosomes.
See structure of chromosome (figure 3-17)
Histone
Chromatin
The genetic code –
Information stored in a series of nitrogenous bases (ATCG)
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Triplet code – 3 nitrogenous bases specify one amino acid
Gene – all the triplets needed to produce ___________________________.
promoter
Protein Synthesis
When the gene is bound to ______________ the gene promoter can not be read.
Transcription
Messenger RNA –
Codon –
Stop codon –
See figure 3-18
Translation
Transfer RNA –
Anticodon –
The 5 steps of translation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A protein is a chain of at least ________ amino acids but typically contains about _____________ amino acids.
Mutation
Point mutation
Answer the concept check questions on page 80 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
The Cell Life Cycle
Cell division –
DNA replication –
Mitosis –
Somatic cells –
Meiosis –
Interphase –
Apoptosis –
G1 phase –
S phase –
DNA polymerase –
G2 phase –
M phase –
See figure 3-20 and 3-21
Mitosis –
Cytokenesis –
4 stages of mitosis
1. Prophase –
Centrioles –
Centromere –
2. Metaphase –
Metaphase plate –
3. Anaphase –
Daughter chromosomes –
4. Telophase –
See figure 3-22
Cytokinesis –
Cleavage furrow
Cell Division and Cancer
Tumor –
Benign tumor –
Malignant tumor –
Primary tumor
Invasion
Metastasis
Cancer
Answer the concept check questions on page 83 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Cell diversity and Differentiation
If all somatic cells have the same genes, why do different types of have such different structure, function and appearance?
Differentiation—
Tissues –
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Nucleus –
Control center, stores the genes for _______________different proteins
See structure of a typical nucleus (figure 3-16)
Nuclear envelope –
Nucleoplasm –
Nucleopores –
Nucleoli –
Chromosome structure –
Human body cells have _______ pairs of chromosomes.
See structure of chromosome (figure 3-17)
Histone
Chromatin
The genetic code –
Information stored in a series of nitrogenous bases (ATCG)
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Triplet code – 3 nitrogenous bases specify one amino acid
Gene – all the triplets needed to produce ___________________________.
promoter
Protein Synthesis
When the gene is bound to ______________ the gene promoter can not be read.
Transcription
Messenger RNA –
Codon –
Stop codon –
See figure 3-18
Translation
Transfer RNA –
Anticodon –
The 5 steps of translation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A protein is a chain of at least ________ amino acids but typically contains about _____________ amino acids.
Mutation
Point mutation
Answer the concept check questions on page 80 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
The Cell Life Cycle
Cell division –
DNA replication –
Mitosis –
Somatic cells –
Meiosis –
Interphase –
Apoptosis –
G1 phase –
S phase –
DNA polymerase –
G2 phase –
M phase –
See figure 3-20 and 3-21
Mitosis –
Cytokenesis –
4 stages of mitosis
1. Prophase –
Centrioles –
Centromere –
2. Metaphase –
Metaphase plate –
3. Anaphase –
Daughter chromosomes –
4. Telophase –
See figure 3-22
Cytokinesis –
Cleavage furrow
Cell Division and Cancer
Tumor –
Benign tumor –
Malignant tumor –
Primary tumor
Invasion
Metastasis
Cancer
Answer the concept check questions on page 83 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Cell diversity and Differentiation
If all somatic cells have the same genes, why do different types of have such different structure, function and appearance?
Differentiation—
Tissues –
worksheet 3C, due Monday 9-28-09
Chapter 3c, Cytoplasm and organelles, worksheet/outline (page 70-75)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Cytoplasm –
Cytosol –
3 ways that cytosol is different from extracellular fluid:
1.
2.
3.
Inclusions –
Organelles –
Membrane enclosed organelles
Nonmembraneous organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Fixed ribosomes
Proteasomes
Proteases
Answer the concept check questions on page 72 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Endoplasmic reticulum
See figure 3-14
4 major functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum –
4 functions of SER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum –
Golgi aparatus –
3 major functions
1.
2.
3.
Lysosomes –
Secretory vesicles –
Membrane renewal vesicles –
Lysosomes –
Defense
Recycling
Autolysis
Mitochondria –
Have a double membrane
Energy is stored and transported in __________________________________.
Energy production:
Glucose à 2 pyruvic acid molecules + O2 à ATP + CO2 + H2
(Glycolysis) (aerobic metabolism, cellular respiration)
(in the cytosol) (in the mitochondria)
Answer the concept check questions on page 75 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Cytoplasm –
Cytosol –
3 ways that cytosol is different from extracellular fluid:
1.
2.
3.
Inclusions –
Organelles –
Membrane enclosed organelles
Nonmembraneous organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Fixed ribosomes
Proteasomes
Proteases
Answer the concept check questions on page 72 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Endoplasmic reticulum
See figure 3-14
4 major functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum –
4 functions of SER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum –
Golgi aparatus –
3 major functions
1.
2.
3.
Lysosomes –
Secretory vesicles –
Membrane renewal vesicles –
Lysosomes –
Defense
Recycling
Autolysis
Mitochondria –
Have a double membrane
Energy is stored and transported in __________________________________.
Energy production:
Glucose à 2 pyruvic acid molecules + O2 à ATP + CO2 + H2
(Glycolysis) (aerobic metabolism, cellular respiration)
(in the cytosol) (in the mitochondria)
Answer the concept check questions on page 75 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
worksheet 3b, due Tuesday 9-22-09
Chapter 3b, Membrane transport, worksheet/outline (page 63-70)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Membrane transport
Permeability
Impermeable
Selectively permeable
Freely permeable
Whether or not a substance can cross a membrane is determined by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Passive process
Active process
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Carbon dioxide example:
Diffusion across membranes depends on:
1.
2.
Examples of things that can pass through the membrane
Channels are usually very small, 0.8nm in diameter so ___________, and ____________ can pass through but larger molecules like _____________ can not.
Osmosis –
Solutes –
Dilution
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, from a area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This dilutes the solutes until the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane.
Isotonic –
Hypotonic –
Homeolysis –
Hypertonic –
Crenation –
Filtration –
Carrier mediated transport –
Facilitated diffusion –
Receptor site
Active transport –
Ion pumps –
Exchange pump –
Sodium-potassium exchange pump –
Vesicular transport –
Endocytosis –
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis –
Answer the concept check questions on page 70 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class. Please read for more than just the answers to this worksheet as additional details can give examples or make things more clear.
Membrane transport
Permeability
Impermeable
Selectively permeable
Freely permeable
Whether or not a substance can cross a membrane is determined by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Passive process
Active process
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Carbon dioxide example:
Diffusion across membranes depends on:
1.
2.
Examples of things that can pass through the membrane
Channels are usually very small, 0.8nm in diameter so ___________, and ____________ can pass through but larger molecules like _____________ can not.
Osmosis –
Solutes –
Dilution
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, from a area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This dilutes the solutes until the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane.
Isotonic –
Hypotonic –
Homeolysis –
Hypertonic –
Crenation –
Filtration –
Carrier mediated transport –
Facilitated diffusion –
Receptor site
Active transport –
Ion pumps –
Exchange pump –
Sodium-potassium exchange pump –
Vesicular transport –
Endocytosis –
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis –
Answer the concept check questions on page 70 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
chapter 3, worksheet A, due Monday 9-21-09
Chapter 3a worksheet/outline (page 57-62)
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class.
What are the 4 basic concepts of the cell theory?
Cytology means
Light micrograph
Transmission electron micrograph
Scanning electron micrograph
Cell anatomy
Extracellular fluid
intracellular
Interstitial fliud
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
cytosol
organelles
see figure 3-2, need to learn all of these structures
see organelles table 3-1, need to learn
4 functions of the cell membrane (plasma membrane
1.
2.
3.
4.
The cell membrane is _______________thick and is made of ___________, ____________, and ________________.
Membrane lipids
Phospholipids
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Why is it called a phospholipids bilayer?
What is able to cross the bilayer?
What is not able to cross?
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Membrane proteins may function as: (see table 3-2, page 62)
Receptors
Channel
Carrier
Enzymes
Anchoring
Recognition
Membrane Carbohydrates
Function as:
Glycoproteins
glycolipids
Answer the concept check questions on page 62 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Directions: Read the chapter. As you are reading, take notes on the following questions and vocabulary words. You may also have notes or explanations of many of these in class.
What are the 4 basic concepts of the cell theory?
Cytology means
Light micrograph
Transmission electron micrograph
Scanning electron micrograph
Cell anatomy
Extracellular fluid
intracellular
Interstitial fliud
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
cytosol
organelles
see figure 3-2, need to learn all of these structures
see organelles table 3-1, need to learn
4 functions of the cell membrane (plasma membrane
1.
2.
3.
4.
The cell membrane is _______________thick and is made of ___________, ____________, and ________________.
Membrane lipids
Phospholipids
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Why is it called a phospholipids bilayer?
What is able to cross the bilayer?
What is not able to cross?
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Membrane proteins may function as: (see table 3-2, page 62)
Receptors
Channel
Carrier
Enzymes
Anchoring
Recognition
Membrane Carbohydrates
Function as:
Glycoproteins
glycolipids
Answer the concept check questions on page 62 (in your own words)
Then check your answers in the back of the book.
Friday, September 11, 2009
Chapter 2 exam on Tuesday
Chapter 2 exam,chemistry, will be on Tuesday, September 15th. It will be open note but not open book. These must be your own notes, not those of others. May include worksheets 2A, 2B, or any class notes. There will be a few nutrition questions as well.
Have a great weekend.
Have a great weekend.
Monday, September 7, 2009
skeletal system flash cards
Skeletal Syste Flash Cards
Assignment due Monday, September 14th.
We will make flash cards as study aids throughout the course.
Make flash cards from note card stock which is thicker and sturdier than normal paper.
It is prefered that they have lines on one side but this is not necessary.
Either (3x5) or (4X6) will work.
If you do not write too big you can cut the flash card in half to make smaller cards.
The first set of flash cards we will make will be of the skeletal system.
Directions:
Write each of the terms on figure 6-9, page 147, on one side of an index card.
On the other side of the card write the common name that you would know it by.
On this side, also write the nember of those bones that the body has.
For example: tarsal bones on one side and ankle bones (14 total, 7 on each side) on the other.
There should be 36 cards in assignment but we will eventually add to this number as we learn some of the names of the vertebrae, face, cranium, hands, and feet.
LATER we will add to these cards so leave some space to write additional details in the future.
(Such as type of joints or muscles that are attached)
Using the cards:
Keep the cards together in a zip lock bag and label the bag with the subject.
Flip through the cards to learn the information on the cards.
You can shuffle the cards so that you are not learning them in a particular order.
When you come to a card you do not know, put it in a seperate pile. These are terms you need to study more.
You can also try matching each term that part of your skeleton or arranging them on a table to form a skeleton.
Assignment due Monday, September 14th.
We will make flash cards as study aids throughout the course.
Make flash cards from note card stock which is thicker and sturdier than normal paper.
It is prefered that they have lines on one side but this is not necessary.
Either (3x5) or (4X6) will work.
If you do not write too big you can cut the flash card in half to make smaller cards.
The first set of flash cards we will make will be of the skeletal system.
Directions:
Write each of the terms on figure 6-9, page 147, on one side of an index card.
On the other side of the card write the common name that you would know it by.
On this side, also write the nember of those bones that the body has.
For example: tarsal bones on one side and ankle bones (14 total, 7 on each side) on the other.
There should be 36 cards in assignment but we will eventually add to this number as we learn some of the names of the vertebrae, face, cranium, hands, and feet.
LATER we will add to these cards so leave some space to write additional details in the future.
(Such as type of joints or muscles that are attached)
Using the cards:
Keep the cards together in a zip lock bag and label the bag with the subject.
Flip through the cards to learn the information on the cards.
You can shuffle the cards so that you are not learning them in a particular order.
When you come to a card you do not know, put it in a seperate pile. These are terms you need to study more.
You can also try matching each term that part of your skeleton or arranging them on a table to form a skeleton.
chapter 2, worksheet B
Chapter 2, chemistry, worksheet B Due Friday, Sept. 14th, 2009
Directions: The following is an outline of the second half of chapter 2. As you read, fill in the blanks of the outline. Answer questions. Draw the structures when instructions tell you so.
Inorganic Compounds
What are Nutrients?
What are metabolites?
Define inorganic molecules and give 3 examples that are important to people.
Why are 4 properties of water that make it important to our bodies?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water and its properties
• Most important body chemical
• Excellent s_____________
• High __________ capacity
• Essential chemical reactant
Water Dissociates I__________ Bonds
Key Note
Water accounts for most of your body weight. Proteins, key components of cells, and nucleic acids, which control cells, work only in s______________
Inorganic Acids and Bases
• Acid—Releases h____________ ions (H+) into solution
• E.g., HCl ® H+ + Cl-
• Base—Removes h______________ ions from solution
• E.g., NaOH + H+ ® Na+ + H•0H
pH
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
• _________________ solution—pH = 7
• _____________ solution—pH below 7
• ___________ solution—pH above 7
What is the pH of stomach bile and blood?
Buffers
• Maintain pH within normal limits (pH 7.____ to pH 7.____)
• ______________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too basic
• _____________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too acidic
Salt
An ionic compound not containing _____ or _______
•Salts are electrolytes
•Electrolytes d_____________ in water
• E.g., NaCl ® Na+ + Cl-
Why do you think electrolytes dissociate in water? (see fig 2-8)
•Electrolytes carry ________________ currents in the body
Organic Compounds
• Contain ___________, ___________, and usually __________.
• Important classes of organic compounds include:
Carbohydrates
• Most important energy source for metabolism
• Three major types
• Monosaccharides (E.g., glucose)
• Disaccharides (E.g., sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (E.g., glycogen)
How are they different?
Are they soluble in water?
Can all of them be digested?
What is the primary shape of sugars?
Draw an example of each a monosaccharide and a disaccharide.
Lipids
• Water-i________________
• Four important classes
• Fatty acids
End in a _________________ acid group
Draw a carboxylic acid group.
Three Fatty acids can be attached to a ______________ to form a _______________________.
• Fats
Fats are primarily made of what two elements?
What is their primary shape?
How are the bonds of saturated and unsaturated fats different?
How are saturated and unsaturated fats different at room temperature?
• Steroids
How are steroids used by our body?
How are steroids shaped?
Cholesterol –
Where does our body get cholesterol?
• Phospholipids
How is a phospholipid different than a triglyceride?
How are phospholipids used in our bodies?
Draw a phospholipid and label the water soluble and water insoluble parts.
Proteins
• Most abundant organic component in human body
• About _________________ different proteins
• Made of the elements c__________, n__________, o___________, h___________, and a bit of sulfur
Give examples of how proteins play vital roles in:
• Support
• Movement
• Transport
• Buffering
• Regulation
• Defense
Proteins are built from ____________ ___________.
Draw an amino acid as in fig 2-16 (a)
How many amino acids are there?
How are the amino acids different?
Peptide bonds join amino acids into long strings
Protein Structure
• “R” groups interact with their neighbors and with solvent
• Amino acid chain folds and twists into complex shape
• Final ____________ determines function
• High ___________ distorts shape
Denaturation –
• Distorted proteins don’t ____________
Enzyme Function
• Substrates (reactants) bind to active site on enzyme surface
• Binding lowers activation energy needed for reaction
• Substrates react to form product
• Product is released from enzyme surface
How is an enzyme like a dating service?
Nucleic Acids
• Large molecules
• Built from which 5 elements?
• Store and process molecular information
• Two classes of nucleic acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
How are DNA and RNA structures different?
How are they used differently by the body?
What are the 5 nucleotides?
Which nucleotides are found in DNA?
Which nucleotides are found in RNA?
Which nucleotides pair up in DNA?
Draw the structure of a nucleic acid
Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
• Sugar-phosphate bonds link nucleotides in long strands
• Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA strands in a double helix
High-Energy Compounds
• Catabolism releases energy
• Cells store energy in high-energy compounds
• High-energy compounds drive endergonic reactions
What dies endergonic mean?
• ATP is the most important high-energy compound in cells
How is ATP different than ADP?
• ATP keeps cells alive!
Draw the structure of ATP.
Do you think ATP would be water soluble (why or why not)?
Directions: The following is an outline of the second half of chapter 2. As you read, fill in the blanks of the outline. Answer questions. Draw the structures when instructions tell you so.
Inorganic Compounds
What are Nutrients?
What are metabolites?
Define inorganic molecules and give 3 examples that are important to people.
Why are 4 properties of water that make it important to our bodies?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water and its properties
• Most important body chemical
• Excellent s_____________
• High __________ capacity
• Essential chemical reactant
Water Dissociates I__________ Bonds
Key Note
Water accounts for most of your body weight. Proteins, key components of cells, and nucleic acids, which control cells, work only in s______________
Inorganic Acids and Bases
• Acid—Releases h____________ ions (H+) into solution
• E.g., HCl ® H+ + Cl-
• Base—Removes h______________ ions from solution
• E.g., NaOH + H+ ® Na+ + H•0H
pH
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
• _________________ solution—pH = 7
• _____________ solution—pH below 7
• ___________ solution—pH above 7
What is the pH of stomach bile and blood?
Buffers
• Maintain pH within normal limits (pH 7.____ to pH 7.____)
• ______________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too basic
• _____________ hydrogen ions if body fluid is too acidic
Salt
An ionic compound not containing _____ or _______
•Salts are electrolytes
•Electrolytes d_____________ in water
• E.g., NaCl ® Na+ + Cl-
Why do you think electrolytes dissociate in water? (see fig 2-8)
•Electrolytes carry ________________ currents in the body
Organic Compounds
• Contain ___________, ___________, and usually __________.
• Important classes of organic compounds include:
Carbohydrates
• Most important energy source for metabolism
• Three major types
• Monosaccharides (E.g., glucose)
• Disaccharides (E.g., sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (E.g., glycogen)
How are they different?
Are they soluble in water?
Can all of them be digested?
What is the primary shape of sugars?
Draw an example of each a monosaccharide and a disaccharide.
Lipids
• Water-i________________
• Four important classes
• Fatty acids
End in a _________________ acid group
Draw a carboxylic acid group.
Three Fatty acids can be attached to a ______________ to form a _______________________.
• Fats
Fats are primarily made of what two elements?
What is their primary shape?
How are the bonds of saturated and unsaturated fats different?
How are saturated and unsaturated fats different at room temperature?
• Steroids
How are steroids used by our body?
How are steroids shaped?
Cholesterol –
Where does our body get cholesterol?
• Phospholipids
How is a phospholipid different than a triglyceride?
How are phospholipids used in our bodies?
Draw a phospholipid and label the water soluble and water insoluble parts.
Proteins
• Most abundant organic component in human body
• About _________________ different proteins
• Made of the elements c__________, n__________, o___________, h___________, and a bit of sulfur
Give examples of how proteins play vital roles in:
• Support
• Movement
• Transport
• Buffering
• Regulation
• Defense
Proteins are built from ____________ ___________.
Draw an amino acid as in fig 2-16 (a)
How many amino acids are there?
How are the amino acids different?
Peptide bonds join amino acids into long strings
Protein Structure
• “R” groups interact with their neighbors and with solvent
• Amino acid chain folds and twists into complex shape
• Final ____________ determines function
• High ___________ distorts shape
Denaturation –
• Distorted proteins don’t ____________
Enzyme Function
• Substrates (reactants) bind to active site on enzyme surface
• Binding lowers activation energy needed for reaction
• Substrates react to form product
• Product is released from enzyme surface
How is an enzyme like a dating service?
Nucleic Acids
• Large molecules
• Built from which 5 elements?
• Store and process molecular information
• Two classes of nucleic acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
How are DNA and RNA structures different?
How are they used differently by the body?
What are the 5 nucleotides?
Which nucleotides are found in DNA?
Which nucleotides are found in RNA?
Which nucleotides pair up in DNA?
Draw the structure of a nucleic acid
Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
• Sugar-phosphate bonds link nucleotides in long strands
• Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA strands in a double helix
High-Energy Compounds
• Catabolism releases energy
• Cells store energy in high-energy compounds
• High-energy compounds drive endergonic reactions
What dies endergonic mean?
• ATP is the most important high-energy compound in cells
How is ATP different than ADP?
• ATP keeps cells alive!
Draw the structure of ATP.
Do you think ATP would be water soluble (why or why not)?
nutrition log
Keep a nutrition log of everything you eat or drink for 2 days. (Due Tuesday, Sept 8th. Grade, 25 points possible)
This should include the amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates, and protein in each item. You can get this information from labels or internet sites (such as calorie king) that have nutritional information for many types of food.
This should include the amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates, and protein in each item. You can get this information from labels or internet sites (such as calorie king) that have nutritional information for many types of food.
Introduction to anatomy and physiology blog
| This is the blog for Mr. Vaught's Anatomy and Physiology class. All students enroled in the class will be given a link/address to this blog and are encouraged to check the blog on a regular basis. It will be especially helpful if you are for any reason absent from class. All parents are also encouraged to frequent the site to see what we are currently working on. Many of these posts are given in class as handouts and homework assignments. You can copy and paste from this site to a word document and do your homework on a computer instead of on paper. You can then email the completed assignment to me (preferred) or bring it to me on a flash drive with your name and period as the file title. This is highly endourged as it will save the school paper and toner. I have posted most of the assignments that were assigned the first 2 weeks of the 2009 fall semester. In addiition to these we have also had daily journals that should have been answered in class as well as one quiz and one test on chapter 1. The first assegnment for chapter 2 on chemistry is the previous post. It is due on Tuesday, Sept.8th. If you have questions that are not answered here, please ask them in class or email me at (jvaught@hardingfinearts.org). If you do facebook, feel free to friend me through the same address. (If you try to friend me through my other facebook account I will not accept it. Please do not take this personally) |
chapter 2, worksheet A
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization Directions: The following is an outline of chapter 2. As you read all of chapter 2, fill in the blanks of the outline. Answer any numbered questions. Draw the structures when instructions tell you so. Matter: Atoms and Molecules Atoms • Smallest unit of an element • Subatomic particles are made of • ______________: (+) charge • ______________: neutral • ______________: (-) charge Structure of an atom • Nucleus is made of _____________ and _____________ • Electron Shell Structure of atom • Atomic number • Equals number of _______________ • Atomic mass • Equals _____________ + _______________ • Isotopes of element • Reflects number of _________________ • Atomic weight • Averages _______________ abundances Structure of atom • Electrons surround _______________ • Electrons organized in shells (layers) • The _____________ shell determines chemical properties Draw atoms of carbon and neon with their electron shells (as fig. 2-3). Notice that the first shell can only hole 2 electrons but the second shell can hold up to 8 electrons. Atoms are most stable when their outer electron shell is full. Why do you think hydrogen likes to form a single bond with other atoms but carbon likes to form 4 bonds with other atoms? Key Note All matter is composed of atoms in various combinations. Their interactions establish the foundations of physiology at the cellular level. Chemical Bonds and Compounds • Atoms bond in chemical reactions • Reactions transfer electrons • Electrons are gained, lost, or shared • Molecules or compounds result • Compounds contain several _______________ Ionic Bonds • Atoms gain or lose electrons • Charged atoms are ions • Ions bear (+) or (-) charge • ______________ have (+) charge • ______________ have (-) charge • Cations and anions attract • Ions form bonds (example: Sodium chloride crystal) Draw sodium and chloride ions with their electron shells (fig 2-4). What are other common ions in our body fluids? Covalent bonds • Some atoms share electrons • Shared electrons complete outer shell • Sharing atoms bond covalently • Single covalent bond • One shared _______________ • Double covalent bond • ________ shared electrons Draw the structure of an oxygen molecule (fig 2-5) showing the electron shells and the shared electrons. How many bonds are there between the Oxygen atoms? Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds • Equal electron sharing • _______________ covalent bonds • Example: carbon-carbon bonds • Non-equal electron sharing • ___________ covalent bonds • Example: oxygen-hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds • Weak attractive force • Between two neighboring atoms • A polar-bonded hydrogen, and • A polar-bonded oxygen or nitrogen • For example, between water molecules Draw polar water molecules (fig. 2-6) Explain why water molecules have a tendency to stick together. Chemical Reactions Metabolism All the chemical reactions in the body • Consumes r______________ • Produces p______________ • Breaks or makes chemical bonds between atoms Basic Energy Concepts • Work—______________ or ______________ in matter's physical structure • E.g., running, synthesis • Energy—ability to do ________ • Potential energy—____________ energy • Kinetic energy—energy of _________________ Describe or illustrate examples of potential and kinetic energy. 3 types of reactions Decomposition—breaks molecule into smaller pieces • In chemical notation: • AB ® A + B • Releases covalent bond energy • Hydrolysis—Decomposition reaction with H•OH • E.g., food digestion • Catabolism—Sum of all the body's decomposition reactions Synthesis Reactions • In chemical notation: • A + B ® AB • Absorbs _____________ • Formation of new bonds • Dehydration synthesis • Removal of H•OH between molecules • Anabolism—Sum of the body's synthesis reactions Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules • In chemical notation: • AB + CD ® AC + BD • Decomposition and synthesis Reversible Reactions • A + B « AB • Equilibrium—Condition when the f____________ and r______________ reactions occur at the same rate Key Note When energy is exchanged, heat is produced. Heat raises local temperatures, but cells cannot capture it or use it to perform work. Enzymes and Reactions Activation Energy Quantity of energy needed to start a chemical reaction • Catalysts r__________ activation energy to speed reaction • Enzymes c___________ cellular reactions Exergonic—Reactions that r______________ energy • E.g., decomposition reactions Endergonic—Reactions that c________________ energy • E.g., synthesis reactions Draw a picture illustrating how an enzyme catalyzes a reaction (see fig 2-7). |
sample yoga pose
| The following is the an example of instructions of how to do a yoga pose using anotomical positions. The pose is called the half-moon pose. 1. Stand with both pes touching at the halux and the calcaneus, keeping the lumbar and dorsum straight and the upper limbs pressed slightly against the sides with the palms facing medially against your femor. 2. Bring your manos together ventrally, palmar regions touching, and pressing slightly medially. 3. Contract your diaphram, moving it inferiorally, and move your manos in the superior direction while keeping them pressed slightly together. 4. Arch your trunk backward at the lumbar, dorsum, and cervical regions, keeping your brachium next to your cercical and cranial region, tilt the cephalon back. Keep your popliteus straight while holding this posture. 5. Slowly return to anatomical position. |
homework and review
| Read the summary outline on page 24-25. Then answer all the review questions on page 26-27 (questions 1-30). The chapter 1 exam will be comprehensive so any information from prior homework assignments and quizzes may be tested. |
quiz of anatomical terms
There will be a quiz on all the anotomical landmarks, regions, directionsal terms, and planes of section (see figures and tables page 17-20). The quiz will be mostly matching of the terms from figure 1-6 with a few short answer questions using the knowledge from the other figures and tables. |
yoga pose assignment
Assignment: Choose a yoga pose and learn how to perform it. Write the instructions on how to do the pose using at least 10 anotomical terms from chapter 10. These can include anotomical positions, directions, and anotomical landmarks. Class will then meet in the dance studio where we will take turns teaching the poses to the rest of the class. Grading: 10 poiints will be awarded for each anotomical term used. 5 points will be awarded for teaching it to the rest of the class on the proposed date. |
chap 1 worksheet
Anatomy and physiology reading and study guide for chapter 1, simplified. Assignment: Read and outline chapter 1. Read the chapter objectives first so that you have an idea of what the most important themes will be. Because this is a college level text, the vocabulary is very dense and there is a great amount of information presented at once. Many of the details are beyond the scope of this course so I do not expect you to learn all of them but would like you to be exposed to all of them by reading it at least once. The following is a list of things that I believe are the highlights of the chapter that we should all learn. As you read and outline you should focus on answering the following questions and defining the following terms. (Page #s are in parenthesis)
i. Anatomical ii. Supine iii. Prone
i. Anterior ii. Posterior iii. Ventral iv. Dorsal v. vi. Inferior vii. Medial viii. Distal ix. Lateral x. Proximal xi. Caudal xii. cephalic xiii. Cranial xiv. Superficial xv. Deep
i. Ventral 1. Thoracic (21) 2. diaphragm (20, 21) 3. Abdominopelvic (22)
i. Transverse ii. Frontal/coronal iii. Sagittal/midsagittal
What is the difference between X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds? (23) In addition, you should learn the regions of the body in table 1-1, page 16, and the anatomical landmarks in figure 1-6, page 17. |
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